Population Science and the Making of China's One-Child-Per-Couple Policy, 1975-2000

人口科学与中国独生子女政策的制定，1975- 2000年苏珊·格林哈尔，加利福尼亚大学欧文分校现代科学技术的发展在后毛泽东时代的中国经济和全球崛起中发挥了至关重要的作用。 中国科学的重要政治维度已经被研究过，但科学研究中的关键问题--特别是科学知识是如何创造的，以及科学如何塑造公共政策和社会--在中国的背景下仍然基本上没有被探索。 中国于1979年至1980年推出的备受争议的每对夫妇独生子女政策，为科学对政策和社会的影响提供了一个引人注目的案例。在美国，学术界和大众的想法都把这项政策与中国的（压制性的）政治联系在一起，而不是它的（薄弱的）科学。然而，对中国内部人士的采访表明，在幕后，大量借鉴西方科学（特别是20世纪70年代的增长极限模型）的中国人口科学家在独生子女政策的制定（以及后来的取消）中发挥了关键作用。今天，这个角色仍然笼罩在神秘之中。这个项目试图打开“中国人口科学”的黑匣子，看看“人口危机”和独生子女政策作为“唯一解决方案”的核心概念是如何构建的，它们是如何在25年中演变的，以及它们是如何产生非凡的政治和社会影响的。 该项目认真对待社会科学中的“科学”，借鉴科学研究、数字历史和治理研究，为人口科学（或人口学）及其在人口治理中的作用制定科学研究方法。该方法试图通过展示“人口”如何积极地构成科学和治理的一个领域，以及“危机”等“人口问题”及其“最佳政策解决方案”如何由历史上处于高度后果性的政治和文化背景下的行为者以人为本地构建来解决“人口”一词。该项目是第一个在非西方背景下将人口科学及其与人口治理的联系理论化的项目。在中国的工作应该强调人口科学未被重视的力量，并明确我们如何看待人文科学所涉及的利害关系。该项目包括采访有影响力的中国科学家和政策制定者（以及选定的外国学者和从业者）;访问政策试点项目;并对人口科学和政策制定的历史进行档案研究。 在非营利研究机构人口理事会担任人类学家和政策分析员的十年里，PI在中国人口和政策制定界建立了一个庞大的个人网络，获得了广泛的专业词汇，并获得了“中国之友”的声誉。“这种对中国人口领域的熟悉有助于缓解访问对象和材料的问题。

Proposal AbstractSES 0217508Population Science and the Making of China's One-Child-Per-Couple Policy, 1975-2000Susan Greenhalgh, University of California-IrvineThe development of modern science and technology has played a crucial part in China's post-Mao economic and global ascent. Important political dimensions of Chinese science have been studied, but key issues in science studies--in particular, how scientific knowledge is created, and how science shapes public policy and society--remain largely unexplored in the Chinese context. China's controversial one-child-per-couple policy, introduced in 1979-80, provides a striking case of the impact of science on policy and society. In the U.S., both scholarly and popular thinking associates the policy with China's (repressive) politics, not its (weak) science. Yet interviews with Chinese insiders suggest that, behind the scenes, Chinese population scientists, borrowing heavily from western science (especially the limits- to- growth models of the 1970s), played a critical role in the making (and later unmaking) of the one-child policy. Today that role remains shrouded in mystery. This project seeks to open the black box, "Chinese population science" to see how its central notions of "population crisis" and the one-child policy as "the only solution" were constructed, how they evolved over 25 years, and how they produced their extraordinary political and social effects. Taking seriously the "science" in the social sciences, the project draws on science studies, histories of numbers, and governmentality studies to develop a science studies approach to population science (or demography) and its role in population governance. The approach seeks to problematize the term "population" by showing how "population" is actively constituted as a domain of science and governance, and how "population problems" such as "crises" and their "optimal policy solutions" are humanly constructed by historically situated actors operating in highly consequential political and cultural contexts. This project is the first to theorize the science of population and its connections to population governance in a non-Western context. The China work should underscore the unappreciated power of population science and make clear the stakes involved in how we view the human sciences.The project involves interviewing influential Chinese scientists and policymakers (as well as selected foreign scholars and practitioners); visiting policy pilot projects; and conducting archival research on the history of population science- and policy-making. During ten years as anthropologist and policy analyst at the Population Council , a nonprofit research organization, the PI built up a large personal network in Chinese demographic and policymaking circles, acquired an extensive specialist vocabulary, and gained a reputation as a "friend of China." This familiarity with China's population field helps ease problems of access to interviewees and material.