Geography-Based Exposure Assessment for Urban Metals

基于地理的城市金属暴露评估

• 批准号: 0221949
• 负责人: Daniel Griffith
• 金额: $ 42万
• 依托单位: Syracuse University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-01 至 2004-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0221949&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Geography; Based; Exposure; Assessment; Urban

Although lead is a naturally occurring element present in many parts of the environment, human activities have dramatically increased lead levels in many locales, especially older parts of urban areas. Whereas lead normally constitutes about 0.002 percent of the Earth's crust, in cities, soil lead levels can be from five to 25 times as great. The heightened presence of lead translates into significantly increased exposure to lead contamination among urban residents, especially children. The average background lead level of the U.S. population is 2.8 micrograms per deciliter, but in many cities, substantial numbers of children have baseline blood lead levels in excess of 10 micrograms per deciliter. This research project will develop new methods for exploring spatial dimensions of pediatric lead poisoning. A multidisciplinary investigative team will study spatial relationships among urban environmental contaminants, the biogeochemical processes of their origin in soils and dust, and the potential for adverse public health risks associated with human exposure to them. A primary goal of this project is to quantitatively assess the community health risks associated with exposure to soils and interior household dusts that have been contaminated by heavy metals. A second major goal is to determine the feasibility of carrying out such assessments through the use of non-intrusive, ecological techniques. To accomplish these goals, the investigators will develop a geography-based lead-exposure assessment model for Syracuse, New York. Inputs to this model will be the blood lead monitoring results, population and housing census data, heavy-metal measurements for soils and dust, and other georeferenced data.This research will make a number of contributions to the spatial analysis literature. For example, it will extend small area estimation techniques to a nesting situation and establish a trade-off curve between effective sample size and accuracy/precision of sample statistics. It will improve understanding of geographic dimensions of lead dispersal, and it will test new approaches for monitoring contamination. This project also will have a significant policy impacts for the public health arena. In particular, it will provide a widely applicable, cost-effective, childhood lead poisoning assessment tool for urban environments; it will foster a geographically explicit interpretive framework for evaluating intervention measures; and it will help contribute to improvements in EPA exposure modeling capabilities.

虽然铅是一种自然存在的元素，存在于环境的许多部分，但人类活动大大增加了许多地方的铅水平，特别是城市地区的老旧地区。铅通常只占地壳的0.002%，而在城市里，土壤中的铅含量可能是地壳的5到25倍。铅含量的增加意味着城市居民，特别是儿童接触铅污染的机会大大增加。美国人口的平均背景铅含量为每分升2.8微克，但在许多城市，大量儿童的基线血铅水平超过每分升10微克。本研究项目将开发探索儿童铅中毒空间维度的新方法。一个多学科调查小组将研究城市环境污染物之间的空间关系、它们在土壤和灰尘中起源的生物地球化学过程，以及与人类接触这些污染物有关的潜在不利公共健康风险。该项目的一个主要目标是定量评估与接触受重金属污染的土壤和室内家庭粉尘有关的社区健康风险。第二个主要目标是确定通过使用非侵入性生态技术进行这种评估的可行性。为了实现这些目标，研究人员将为纽约州锡拉丘兹市开发一个基于地理位置的铅暴露评估模型。该模型的输入将是血铅监测结果、人口和住房普查数据、土壤和灰尘的重金属测量以及其他地理参考数据。本研究将对空间分析文献做出一定的贡献。例如，它将小面积估计技术扩展到嵌套情况，并在有效样本大小和样本统计的准确性/精度之间建立权衡曲线。它将增进对铅扩散的地理层面的了解，并将测试监测污染的新方法。该项目还将对公共卫生领域产生重大的政策影响。特别是，它将为城市环境提供一种广泛适用的、具有成本效益的儿童铅中毒评估工具；它将为评价干预措施建立一个地理上明确的解释框架；这将有助于改善环境保护局的暴露建模能力。