Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome diversity among prehistoric Native Americans from the Ohio and Illinois Valleys

博士论文改进：来自俄亥俄州和伊利诺伊州山谷的史前美洲原住民的线粒体 DNA 和 Y 染色体多样性

• 批准号: 0225986
• 负责人: David Smith
• 金额: $ 1.2万
• 依托单位: University of California-Davis
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-10-15 至 2004-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0225986&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Mitochondrial; DNA

This study will help document the prehistory of Native American populations that lived in the Ohio River Valley by characterizing genetic relationships among the Archaic population of Indian Knoll, responsible for leaving large shell middens, like those found throughout the eastern United States, in Ohio County, Kentucky between 6000 and 4500 years ago, two Adena populations that built earth burial mounds in Boone and Montgomery counties, Kentucky between 2500 and 1800 years ago, and a Hopewell population that lived in Calhoun County, Illinois between 2100 and 1600 years ago. Although the archaeological traditions of these populations have been well described, little is known about their relationships with each other or to modern populations living in eastern North America during historic times. Were the populations who built Adena burial mounds in different counties of western Kentucky related to each other? Were the Hopewell populations of Ohio and Illinois, both of whom developed similar elaborate burial practices and artistic traditions, genetically related to each other? Were the Adena populations genetically related to the Hopewell populations who succeeded them in some areas of the Ohio Valley or, alternatively, were either more closely related to other adjacent populations of eastern North America? Were the Adena and/or Hopewell populations genetically related to the Archaic populations that preceded them or the Late Woodland Mississippian populations (or, in fact, living populations) that succeeded them in eastern North America? Archaeological, ethnohistorical and historical linguistic evidence has been cited in favor of various hypotheses proposing either invasions of populations into this region from adjacent regions or, alternatively, genetic continuity in the region during the last 6000 years, but no consensus has emerged. Recent technological advances have made it possible to extract and study small quantities of DNA from prehistoric human remains and thus directly investigate genetic relationships among ancient and modern populations. DNA will be extracted from skeletal remains from four different prehistoric cemetery sites and both mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome traits known to be highly polymorphic in Native American populations will identified using restriction analysis and nucleotide sequencing. Genetic comparisons among these samples, published data on other prehistoric populations of eastern North America and modern populations will be made using sophisticated multivariate phylogenetic methods and computer programs. Populations to be compared in addition to those cited above include those from Glacial Kame and Red Ochre sites in the Lower Great Lakes region, other Hopewell populations in different geographic locations, later Mississippian populations that replaced populations throughout eastern North America during Late Woodland times. These comparisons will determine whether or not cultural traditions that were shared among groups that lived in different geographic areas represents admixture or, alternatively, cultural diffusion and whether or not the succession of populations in the Ohio Valley represents a continuous genetic continuity or, alternative, the replacement of indigenous populations by invading immigrants. The combination of genetic evidence with evidence from genetic, archaeological, ethnohistorical and historical linguistic research will allow more reliable inferences to be made about the prehistory of the Ohio Valley.

这项研究将有助于记录居住在俄亥俄河流域的美洲原住民的史前历史，通过描述印第安诺尔古族群之间的遗传关系，印第安诺尔族群在 6000 至 4500 年前在肯塔基州俄亥俄县留下了大型贝冢，就像在美国东部发现的贝冢一样，而两个阿迪纳族群则在 2500 至 4500 年间在肯塔基州布恩县和蒙哥马利县建造了土坟。 1800年前，以及 2100 至 1600 年前居住在伊利诺伊州卡尔霍恩县的霍普韦尔人。尽管这些人群的考古传统已得到很好的描述，但人们对他们之间的关系或与历史时期生活在北美东部的现代人群的关系知之甚少。在肯塔基州西部不同县建造阿德纳墓葬的人群是否有关联？俄亥俄州和伊利诺伊州的霍普韦尔人都发展了类似的精致丧葬习俗和艺术传统，它们之间是否有遗传关系？阿迪纳族群与在俄亥俄河谷某些地区继承他们的霍普韦尔族群在遗传上是否有联系，或者是否与北美东部其他邻近的族群关系更密切？阿德纳和/或霍普威尔人群与他们之前的古代人群或北美东部继承他们的晚期林地密西西比人群（或者实际上是现存人群）有遗传关系吗？考古学、民族史学和历史语言学证据被引用来支持各种假设，这些假设要么是邻近地区的人口入侵到该地区，要么是该地区在过去 6000 年间的遗传连续性，但尚未达成共识。最近的技术进步使得从史前人类遗骸中提取和研究少量 DNA 成为可能，从而直接研究古代和现代人群之间的遗传关系。将从四个不同史前墓地的骨骼遗骸中提取 DNA，并使用限制性分析和核苷酸测序来鉴定已知在美洲原住民群体中高度多态性的线粒体 DNA 和 Y 染色体特征。这些样本之间的遗传比较、北美东部其他史前种群和现代种群的已发表数据将使用复杂的多变量系统发育方法和计算机程序进行。除了上面引用的种群之外，要进行比较的种群还包括来自五大湖下游地区的冰川卡姆和红赭石遗址的种群、不同地理位置的其他霍普威尔种群，以及后来在林地时代晚期取代了整个北美东部种群的密西西比种群。这些比较将确定生活在不同地理区域的群体之间共享的文化传统是否代表混合或文化扩散，以及俄亥俄河谷人口的演替是否代表连续的遗传连续性或入侵移民对土著人口的取代。将遗传证据与遗传、考古、民族历史和历史语言学研究的证据相结合，将使我们能够对俄亥俄河谷的史前史做出更可靠的推论。