Measurements Addressing Quantitative Ozone Loss, Polar Stratospheric Cloud Nucleation, and Large Polar Stratospheric Particles during Austral Winter and Spring

针对南半球冬季和春季期间臭氧定量损失、极地平流层云成核和大型极地平流层颗粒的测量

• 批准号: 0230424
• 负责人: Terry Deshler
• 金额: $ 74.14万
• 依托单位: University of Wyoming
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-09-01 至 2006-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0230424&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Measurements; Addressing; Quantitative; Ozone; Loss

The proposal seeks the continuation of in situ balloon-borne ozone observations over Antarctica through 2005. Ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere suffers a much different seasonal cycle today than it has in the past due to the introduction of significant amounts of chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere. In the past Antarctic ozone amounts were controlled primarily by global circulation processes leading to wintertime build up of ozone. Today the presence of chlorine coupled with cold temperatures, which create stratospheric clouds, leads to a springtime minimum in ozone due to a catalytic reaction between ozone and chlorine that has been activated on surfaces of the cloud particles. The mechanisms leading to this ozone loss has been the subject of much scientific activity and significant progress has been made; however, open questions remain which require additional ozone and stratospheric particle profile measurements from McMurdo Station. The ozone profile measurements, to be completed about every 3 days during austral spring, will contribute to the observational base for the period of maximum chlorine loading in the stratosphere. This will contribute to the measurement base required to observe the first signs of ozone recovery as stratospheric chlorine declines within the next decade. Measurements of vertical ozone profiles will be one of the important tools used to observe the first signs of the altitude dependent recovery following the decline in stratospheric chlorine. In 2003, it is proposed to collaborate with several European colleagues in an international Antarctic Match campaign to obtain detailed, altitude dependent, ozone loss rate measurements for comparisons with chemical transport models and photochemical box models. In addition, the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) observations will be continued to address questions related to the nucleation of nitric acid hydrates, the existence of large particles within Antarctic PSCs and their role in denitrification, and the index of refraction of PSC particles. The instruments on the balloons will provide high-resolution trajectory measurements, which can be used to assess the accuracy of air parcel temperature histories. This information, coupled with in situ aerosol profile measurements and a microphysical model, will be used to test various PSC nucleation hypotheses, which have direct implications for chlorine activation and denitrification. The instrument will be developed with support from a Major Research Infrastructure instrument development award from NSF.

该提案力求在 2005 年之前继续对南极洲上空气球进行实地臭氧观测。由于大量氯氟碳化合物进入大气中，今天南极平流层中的臭氧经历了与过去截然不同的季节周期。过去，南极臭氧量主要受全球环流过程控制，导致冬季臭氧积累。如今，氯的存在加上寒冷的温度，形成了平流层云，由于臭氧和氯之间在云颗粒表面被激活的催化反应，导致春季臭氧浓度达到最低值。导致臭氧损失的机制一直是许多科学活动的主题，并且已经取得了重大进展；然而，仍然存在悬而未决的问题，需要麦克默多站进行额外的臭氧和平流层颗粒剖面测量。臭氧剖面测量大约在澳大利亚春季每三天完成一次，将为平流层最大氯负荷时期的观测基础做出贡献。这将有助于建立必要的测量基础，以观察未来十年内平流层氯含量下降时臭氧恢复的初步迹象。垂直臭氧剖面测量将成为观察平流层氯含量下降后随海拔高度恢复的最初迹象的重要工具之一。 2003年，提议与几位欧洲同事合作开展国际南极匹配活动，以获得详细的、与海拔高度相关的臭氧损失率测量结果，以便与化学输送模型和光化学盒模型进行比较。此外，极地平流层云（PSC）观测将继续解决与硝酸水合物成核、南极PSC内大颗粒的存在及其在反硝化中的作用以及PSC颗粒的折射率相关的问题。气球上的仪器将提供高分辨率轨迹测量，可用于评估气团温度历史的准确性。这些信息与原位气溶胶剖面测量和微物理模型相结合，将用于测试各种 PSC 成核假设，这对氯活化和反硝化有直接影响。该仪器的开发将得到 NSF 重大研究基础设施仪器开发奖的支持。