Negotiating New Development Hybrids: State Expertise and Civil Society Participation in Irrigation Design

在过去30年中，由于缺乏政府机构的参与性规划和公共问责制，国际发展努力的影响受到限制。这个博士后项目评估了政府发展模式如何被新的混合体所取代，新的混合体将联合收割机国家技术官僚的专业知识与有意义的公民参与结合起来。该项目以印度中部的灌溉发展改革为重点，以国家科学基金会资助的题为“为所有人提供一些水：印度克里希纳山谷的人民科学课程”的博士论文为基础。本文探讨了印度的基层运动是如何通过设计灌溉项目，将专家和当地的知识，促进社会公平和环境再生的斗争干旱。 申请人现在将通过专注于官僚专业知识为论文工作添加一个新的层次。博士后研究将把注意力转向政府官员。通过民族学研究的灌溉工程师受雇于马哈拉施特拉邦克里希纳谷开发公司（MKVDC）的工作，这项研究将评估为什么以及如何国家专家正在改革他们的言论，和行政程序，作为民间社会的压力的结果。研究人员将创建一个机构的概况，以及审查的作用，主要官员在官僚改革的过程中发挥。 在学术价值方面，申请人的提案创新地整合了政治生态学和科学技术研究（STS）领域的理论方法。STS的分析工具，包括技术的社会建构和行动者网络理论，将被用来弥合官僚实践和公众批评之间的差距。特别是，研究将问：某些规范的专业知识如何指导决策权威和创造文化的接受？谁参与知识和技术生产，为什么？社区对知识的看法如何与国家专业人员产生的看法相协调？哪些制度特征使技术民主化？申请人的博士后项目将由哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院Sheila Jasanoff教授赞助。在Jasanoff教授的指导下，申请人将参与STS建构主义理论和定性政策研究方法。除了与Jasanoff教授合作外，申请人还将与哈佛的公共基础设施项目、环境和自然资源项目以及国际发展中心合作。具有更广泛的社会意义，申请人的研究将探讨社区如何平衡中层官僚控制和决策权力的需要与地方一级技术研究和开发的参与性办法。 在STS课程的基础上，她将承担，并与政策导向的学者的新网络的互动，申请人将利用奖学金期间巩固论文和博士后研究成一本书。作为对官僚实践和社会运动组织的对称分析，本书将对国家发展专业知识的再创造做出重要的理论和经验贡献。

During the past thirty years, the impact of international development efforts has been limited by a lack of participatory planning and public accountability from government agencies. This post-doctoral project evaluates how government development paradigms are being replaced by new hybrids that combine state technocratic expertise with meaningful citizen participation. Focusing on irrigation development reforms in central India, the project builds on an NSF supported dissertation thesis, titled "Some Water for All: People's Science Lessons from the Krishna Valley in India". The thesis examines how grassroots movements in India are fighting drought by designing irrigation projects that integrate expert and locally-based knowledge toward the promotion of social equity and environmental regeneration. The applicant will now add a new layer to the dissertation work by concentrating on bureaucratic expertise. The post-doctoral research will shift attention toward government officials. By ethnographically examining the work of irrigation engineers employed by the Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC), this research will evaluate why and how state experts are reforming their rhetoric, and administrative procedures, as a result of civil society pressure. The researcher will create an institutional profile of the agency, as well as examine the role key officers have played in the process of bureaucratic reform. In terms of intellectual merit, the applicant's proposal innovatively integrates theoretical approaches from the fields of political ecology and science and technology studies (STS). Analytical tools from STS, including the social construction of technology and actor-network theory, will be employed to bridge the gaps between bureaucratic praxis and public critique. In particular, the research will ask: How do certain norms of expertise guide decision-making authority and create cultures of acceptance? Who is involved in knowledge and technology production and why? How do community perceptions of knowledge get reconciled with those produced by state professionals? Which institutional characteristics render technology democratifiable? The applicant's post-doctoral project will be sponsored by Professor Sheila Jasanoff of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Under Professor Jasanoff's mentorship, the applicant will engage with STS constructivist theories and qualitative policy research methods. In addition to working with Professor Jasanoff, the applicant will also collaborate with Harvard's Public Infrastructure Program, the Environment and Natural Resources Program and the Center for International Development. Of broader societal relevance, the applicant's research will address how communities balance the need for bureaucratic control and decision-making authority at the meso-level with participatory approaches to technical research and development at the local level. Building on the STS coursework she will undertake, and interactions with a new network of policy-oriented scholars, the applicant will use the fellowship period to consolidate the dissertation and post-doctoral research into one book. As a symmetrical analysis of both bureaucratic practice and social movement organizing, this book will make an important theoretical and empirical contribution toward the re-invention of state development expertise.