The Dynamics of Rules in Commons Dilemmas

公地困境中的规则动力学各种社会科学有助于理解人类如何在特定规则集的实验游戏中做出决策，例如社会困境、协调和讨价还价。然而，游戏的规则在现实生活中并不是固定的。在公地困境中，人类是如何改变规则的，目前还没有系统的研究。从实地研究中我们知道，人们在制定新规则方面投入了巨大的努力。该项目将研究是什么原因导致个人投资于规则开发，以及哪些认知过程解释了人类制定新规则的能力。主要研究计划包括三个部分：实验室实验、现场实验和基于agent的模型。我们将进行一系列的实验室实验来分析改变游戏规则的选项对合作水平的影响，以及在群体之间进行交流和迁移的选项的后果。我们将探索个体在尝试优化特定游戏规则集时所学习的过程。实地实验旨在研究经验在制定规则能力中的作用。哥伦比亚和东南亚以渔业、森林或灌溉为主要资源利用的一些社区将参与其中。在这些角色游戏中，资源使用者小组将被要求为假想的公共资源池制定规则，类似于渔业、森林或灌溉的关键问题。小组为他们熟悉的资源和一些他们不熟悉的资源制定规则的能力将被调查。基于主体的模型将以实验数据为基础，并将探索策略和规则共同进化的数学特性。这些模型将专注于识别学习过程、信息交换和影响系统共同进化到合作平衡能力的博弈结构的组成部分。在实验室和实地实验的基础上，将开发一些基于网络的教育工具，让学生在共同困境中进行规则制定的实验。该项目将通过结合实验室和现场实验，以及对替代行为模型的经验检验，促进基于主体的模型的方法学发展。通过了解哪些因素会影响资源使用者有效改变制度规则的能力，它可能对政治学和生态系统治理产生广泛的影响。该项目将加强亚洲、拉丁美洲和美国之间在实验研究和基于代理的建模方面的合作。开发的基于网络的教育工具将免费提供给全世界的学生和教师。该项目得到了2004财年美国国家科学基金会人类与社会动力学（HSD）竞赛的支持。计算机和信息科学与工程理事会以及国际科学与工程办公室也为支持这一项目作出贡献。HSD竞赛和HSD奖项组合的协调管理涉及所有NSF董事和办公室。

The Dynamics of Rules in Commons DilemmasVarious social sciences have contributed to understanding how humans make decisions in a given rule set of experimental games, such as social dilemmas, coordination, and bargaining. However, the rules of the games are not fixed in real-life settings. No systematic studies have been performed on the question of how humans are able to change the rules in commons dilemmas. From field studies it is well known that people invest significant effort in crafting new rules. This project will study what causes individuals to invest in rule development, and which cognitive processes explain the ability of humans to craft new rules. The main research plan consists of three components: laboratory experiments, experiments in the field, and agent-based models. A series of laboratory experiments will be conducted to analyze the effect of the option to change the rules of the game on the level of cooperation and the consequences of communication and options to migrate between groups. The processes by which individuals learn as they try to optimize the rule set for a specific game will be explored. The field experiments are aimed to study the role of experience in the ability to craft rules. A number of communities in Colombia and Southeast Asia that have a dominant resource use of fisheries, forest, or irrigation will participate. In these role games, groups of resource users will be asked to craft rules for a hypothetical common-pool resource, resembling the key problems of fisheries, forests, or irrigation. The capacity of the groups to craft rules for resources they are familiar with, and some with which they are not familiar will be investigated. The agent-based models will be based on the experimental data and will explore the mathematical properties of co-evolution of strategies and rules. These models will focus on identifying components of the learning processes, information exchange, and structure of the game that affect the ability of the system to co-evolve to a cooperative equilibrium. Based on the experiments in the laboratory and the field, a number of web-based educational tools will be developed, to allow students to experiment with rule-crafting in commons dilemmas. This project will contribute to the methodological development of agent-based models by combining laboratory and field experiments and to the empirical testing of alternative behavioral models. It may have a broad impact in political science and ecosystem governance by deriving an understanding of what factors affect the ability of resource users to change institutional rules effectively. The project will strengthen the collaboration on experimental research and agent-based modeling between Asia, Latin American and the USA. The web-based educational tools developed will be freely available to students and instructors all over the world. This project is supported by an award resulting from the FY 2004 NSF-wide competition on Human and Social Dynamics (HSD). The Directorate for Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering and the Office of International Science and Engineering are also contributing to support of this project. Coordinated management of the HSD competition and the portfolio of HSD awards involves all NSF directorates and offices.