Ship-Board Atmospheric Sounding over the Kuroshio Extension: A Supplement to CLIVAR KESS

黑潮延伸区（KE）是一个深冬混合层允许本地和远程强迫次表层变率影响海表温度（SST）的十年和更长的时间尺度上的区域。黑潮延伸系统研究（KESS）是一项实地实验，旨在“研究控制黑潮延伸和再循环环流变化及其相互作用的动力和热力过程”。虽然最近的研究表明，在KE区域的SST锋影响地面风，云，大气斜压性和风暴路径，但在这个区域很少有现场观测需要测试这些海洋-大气影响的假设。PI将在计划于2005年和2006年5月/6月的KESS巡航中发射全球定位系统探测器，获取温度，湿度，压力和风速。这些观测，加上已经获得资助的KESS海洋学部分，将产生从海面以下1公里到海面以上20公里的海洋-大气温度和流速联合剖面。结合卫星观测分析这些实地测量结果将提供新的见解：（一）大气边界层调整，以尖锐的SST锋;（二）形成和变化的雾和层云甲板北KE;和，（三）海洋的作用，在维持大气风暴路径。该研究通过增加大气探测来扩大KESS的范围，从而可以研究KE对区域气候的影响。船载GPS探测仪观测只需要很少的额外船舶时间，PI和他的合作者在2003-04年冬季成功地在该地区进行了巡航调查，建立了后勤和可行性。这些观测和分析将加深我们对KE对大气的影响和相互作用的认识。更广泛的影响。梅雨锋是东亚地区最重要的气候现象。这项研究更好地描述和了解海洋在这一现象的形成和变化中的作用，从而有助于提高社会规划和应对天气和气候的能力。由此产生的观测数据将通过KESS项目网站和夏威夷大学亚太数据研究中心的数据服务器向社区传播。这项研究促进了海洋学家和气象学家以及美国和日本科学家之间的跨学科和国际合作。

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) is a region where the deep winter mixed layer allows locally and remotely forced subsurface variability to affect sea surface temperature (SST) on decadal and longer timescales. The Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) is a field experiment to "study the dynamic and thermodynamic processes governing the variability of, and the interaction between, the Kuroshio Extension and the recirculation gyre". While recent studies suggest that SST fronts in the KE region affect surface wind, cloud, atmospheric baroclinicity and storm track, few in-situ observations exist in this region that are necessary to test hypotheses regarding these ocean-atmospheric influences.The PIs will launch Global Positioning System sondes on the KESS cruises planned for May/June 2005 and 2006, acquiring vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, pressure and wind velocity. These observations, together with already funded KESS oceanographic component, will yield joint ocean-atmospheric transects of temperature and flow velocity from 1 km below the sea surface to 20 km above. Analysis of these field measurements combined with satellite observations will offer new insights into:(i) atmospheric boundary-layer adjustment to sharp SST fronts;(ii) the formation and variations of fog and stratus cloud deck north of the KE; and,(iii) ocean's role in maintaining the atmospheric storm track. The research expands the scope of KESS by adding atmospheric sounding that allows the study of KE's effect on regional climate. Shipboard GPS-sonde observations require little additional ship time, and the logistics and feasibility have been established in cruise surveys the PI and his collaborators successfully conducted over the region in the 2003-04 winter. The observations and analysis will improve our understanding of KE's influence on and interaction with the atmosphere. Broader impacts. The Meiyu-Baiu front is the most important climate phenomenon for East Asia. This research offers a better description and understanding of the ocean's role in formation and variations of this phenomenon, thereby helping enhance society's ability to plan and respond to its weather and climate. The resultant observational data, will be disseminated to the community via the KESS project website and the University of Hawaii (UH) Asian-Pacific Data Research Center's data servers. The research fosters interdisciplinary and international collaborations between oceanographers and meteorologists, and between US and Japanese scientists.