Dissertation Research: Population Displacement, Household Livelihood Security and Social Relations in a Peri-Urban Area of Ethiopia

20世纪最后25年的特点是城市迅速增长，人口预测一致表明，城市化将在本世纪加速。据估计，到2025年，世界人口的三分之二将居住在城市地区，预计这一增长的很大一部分将发生在发展中国家。尽管非洲的城市化率历史上很低，但非洲现在是世界上城市化速度最快的大陆。城市扩张不仅需要吸收更多的有形土地，而且还需要重组和重新开发大部分已有人居住的空间。这对非洲城市周边的农业社区产生了深远的影响，这些社区往往在没有适当补偿的情况下流离失所，以便为建造“现代”住宅、工业和商业区让路。自1994年以来，通过每年将200多公顷的郊区农业和森林土地转为城市土地使用，在埃塞俄比亚的阿迪斯-一个约有300万人口的大都市地区-对发展基础设施的投资一直在增长。因此，大量城郊社区流离失所，预计在不久的将来还会有更多的人流离失所。这篇论文的研究项目由一位来自肯塔基州大学的文化人类学家研究了城市周边流离失所对个人和家庭，特别是青年的社会和经济影响。直到最近，还没有任何研究系统地审查家庭中的个人如何受到这类流离失所的不同影响，以及他们的反应如何反过来影响家庭的社会关系和生计保障。为了更好地了解个人的反应及其对生计安全和社会关系的影响，本研究将比较来自耶卡特佛农民协会（PA）的流离失所家庭与来自耶卡博勒（邻近PA）的非流离失所家庭的样本。将使用参与者观察、调查问卷、非结构化访谈和个案历史相结合的方法，以衡量和比较青年对农场劳动力和收入的贡献;确定家庭内部冲突的来源;并研究青年和老年人之间代际关系的变化。这项研究将有助于社会科学研究的四个领域：城市发展引起的流离失所研究，城市周边研究，青年人类学和家庭研究。这将是第一项研究，探讨青年如何受到城市周边地区流离失所的影响，以及他们的反应如何影响家庭生计安全和家庭内部关系。除了培训来自埃塞俄比亚阿迪斯大学的研究助理外，该项目更广泛的意义还包括促进政府的城市扩展政策。如果没有以社会和文化分析为依据的健全政策，发展引起的流离失所及其负面影响只会加剧埃塞俄比亚阿迪斯等城市的高贫困率和高失业率。

The last quarter of the 20th century was marked by rapid urban growth and demographic projections consistently indicate that urbanization will accelerate in this century. It is estimated that by 2025 two-thirds of the world's population will reside in urban areas and a substantial proportion of this growth is expected to occur in developing countries. Despite a historically low rate of urbanization, African now is the fastest urbanizing continent in the world. Urban expansion requires not only the absorption of additional physical territory, but also the reorganization and redevelopment of much of the space already inhabited. This has a profound implication for Africa's peri-urban agricultural communities that are often displaced without adequate compensation, in order to make way for the construction of 'modern' residential housing, industrial and commercial zones. Since 1994, investments in development infrastructures have been growing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia-a metropolitan area of approximately three million people-through the annual conversion of over 200 hectares of suburban agricultural and forest land to urban land use. As a result, a substantial number of peri-urban communities have been displaced and more are expected to be displaced in the near future. This dissertation research project by a cultural anthropologist from the University of Kentucky examines the social and economic impacts of peri-urban displacement on individuals and households, particularly youth. Until very recently, no study has systematically examined how individuals within the household are differentially affected by this type of displacement and how their responses in turn affect household social relations and livelihood security. To better understand individual responses and their impacts on livelihood security and social relations, this study will compare a sample of displaced households from Yeka Tefo Peasant Association (PA) with non-displaced households from Yeka Bole (neighboring PA). A combination of participant observation, survey questionnaire, unstructured interviews and case histories will be used in order to measure and compare the contribution of youth to on-farm labor and income; identify sources of conflict within the household; and examine changes in inter-generational relations between youth and elders. This research will contribute to four areas of social science research: urban based development-induced displacement studies, peri-urban studies, anthropology of youth, and household studies. This will be the first research to examine how youth are affected by displacement in a peri-urban area and how their responses affect household livelihood security and intrahousehold relationships. In addition to the training of research assistants from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, the broader significance of the project includes contribution to government policies on urban expansion. Without sound policies informed by social and cultural analysis, development-induced displacement and its negative impacts will only add to the high rate of urban poverty and unemployment that characterize cities such as Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.