Dissertation Research: Population Displacement, Household Livelihood Security and Social Relations in a Peri-Urban Area of Ethiopia

20世纪最后25年的特点是城市快速增长，人口预测一直表明本世纪城市化将加速。据估计，到2025年，世界人口的三分之二将居住在城市地区，预计这一增长的很大一部分将发生在发展中国家。尽管非洲的城市化率处于历史低位，但它现在是世界上城市化速度最快的大陆。城市扩张不仅需要吸收额外的物理领土，还需要对许多已经有人居住的空间进行重组和再开发。这对非洲城郊农业社区有着深远的影响，这些社区经常在没有得到充分补偿的情况下流离失所，以便为“现代”住宅、工业和商业区的建设让路。自1994年以来，埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴的发展基础设施投资不断增加，每年将200多公顷的郊区农业和森林用地转为城市用地。亚的斯亚贝巴是一个人口约300万的大都市区。结果，大量城市周边社区流离失所，预计在不久的将来会有更多的社区流离失所。肯塔基大学的一名文化人类学家的论文研究项目考察了城郊流离失所对个人和家庭，特别是年轻人的社会和经济影响。直到最近，还没有一项研究系统地审查家庭内的个人如何受到这种流离失所的不同影响，以及他们的反应反过来如何影响家庭社会关系和生计安全。为了更好地了解个体的反应及其对生计安全和社会关系的影响，本研究将比较来自Yeka Tefo农民协会（PA）的流离失所家庭样本与来自Yeka Bole（邻近的PA）的非流离失所家庭样本。将采用参与者观察、调查问卷、非结构化访谈和案例历史相结合的方法来衡量和比较青年对农场劳动力和收入的贡献；找出家庭内部冲突的根源；并研究青年和老年人之间代际关系的变化。这项研究将有助于社会科学研究的四个领域：基于城市的发展引起的流离失所研究、城郊研究、青年人类学和家庭研究。这将是第一个研究城郊地区流离失所如何影响青年以及他们的反应如何影响家庭生计安全和家庭内部关系的研究。除了培训埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴大学的研究助理外，该项目更广泛的意义还包括对政府关于城市扩张的政策作出贡献。如果没有基于社会和文化分析的健全政策，发展导致的流离失所及其负面影响只会加剧城市的高贫困率和失业率，这是埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴等城市的特点。

The last quarter of the 20th century was marked by rapid urban growth and demographic projections consistently indicate that urbanization will accelerate in this century. It is estimated that by 2025 two-thirds of the world's population will reside in urban areas and a substantial proportion of this growth is expected to occur in developing countries. Despite a historically low rate of urbanization, African now is the fastest urbanizing continent in the world. Urban expansion requires not only the absorption of additional physical territory, but also the reorganization and redevelopment of much of the space already inhabited. This has a profound implication for Africa's peri-urban agricultural communities that are often displaced without adequate compensation, in order to make way for the construction of 'modern' residential housing, industrial and commercial zones. Since 1994, investments in development infrastructures have been growing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia-a metropolitan area of approximately three million people-through the annual conversion of over 200 hectares of suburban agricultural and forest land to urban land use. As a result, a substantial number of peri-urban communities have been displaced and more are expected to be displaced in the near future. This dissertation research project by a cultural anthropologist from the University of Kentucky examines the social and economic impacts of peri-urban displacement on individuals and households, particularly youth. Until very recently, no study has systematically examined how individuals within the household are differentially affected by this type of displacement and how their responses in turn affect household social relations and livelihood security. To better understand individual responses and their impacts on livelihood security and social relations, this study will compare a sample of displaced households from Yeka Tefo Peasant Association (PA) with non-displaced households from Yeka Bole (neighboring PA). A combination of participant observation, survey questionnaire, unstructured interviews and case histories will be used in order to measure and compare the contribution of youth to on-farm labor and income; identify sources of conflict within the household; and examine changes in inter-generational relations between youth and elders. This research will contribute to four areas of social science research: urban based development-induced displacement studies, peri-urban studies, anthropology of youth, and household studies. This will be the first research to examine how youth are affected by displacement in a peri-urban area and how their responses affect household livelihood security and intrahousehold relationships. In addition to the training of research assistants from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, the broader significance of the project includes contribution to government policies on urban expansion. Without sound policies informed by social and cultural analysis, development-induced displacement and its negative impacts will only add to the high rate of urban poverty and unemployment that characterize cities such as Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.