Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: Habitual Subsistence Practices among Prehistoric Andean Populations: Fishers and Farmers

博士论文改进：史前安第斯人群的习惯性生存实践：渔民和农民

• 批准号: 0524879
• 负责人: Robert Benfer
• 金额: $ 0.98万
• 依托单位: University of Missouri-Columbia
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-07-01 至 2007-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0524879&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Habitual; Subsistence

Currently there is debate in the scientific community regarding the behavior of bone under stress. In particular, do observed bony modifications result largely from innate genetic influences or are they physical reactions linked to the extent stress is applied over time. Adopting the second position, this research seeks to test the hypothesis that muscle marking patterning (bone response to activity) can accurately distinguish archaeologically delimited fishing and farming populations. In the field of Andean archaeology one hypothesis suggests Peruvian civilization developed from populations based on maritime rather than agricultural resources. Prehistoric sites tend to cluster along coastal deltas and adjacent river valleys, areas optimal for the development of both fishing and farming economies, making it difficult to differentiate subsistence by site location alone. The exceptional skeletal preservation offered by the region's arid climate provides an alternative avenue of research, predictable bone response to activity associated with subsistence. Specifically, available clinical data suggests that strenuous or repetitive activity triggers bony responses. Bone adapts through the combined action of two processes: modeling and remodeling. Modeling acts primarily during growth and development to create adult bone size and shape, while remodeling acts primarily during adulthood to repair naturally occurring bone damage. Physical movement is accomplished through muscle action. Muscles attach to bones at areas known as entheses. Strenuous activities significantly load entheses and overuse may result in irritation and/or injury. Bony responses produced as a result of overuse are perceptible as rugosities, crests, tuberosities, pits, grooves, or spurs at entheses. Variation in the patterning of these reactions within and between populations permits the development of activity-based interpretations.Broader Impacts: This research provides a novel method to test the viability of the hypothesis that bone reacts physically to applied stress by testing whether observable muscle marking variation can differentiate archaeologically defined populations. If confirmed, this and other muscle marking studies will serve as critical independent tests of hypotheses concerning prehistoric lifeways developed from archaeological, stable isotope, trace element, paleoethnobotanical, and zooarchaeological data focusing on a range of topics from subsistence and occupation to gender and class differences. Additionally, valuable new data will be generated for the scientific community using a series of skeletal collections which have not previously been systematically studied for muscle marking variation. Further, reference casts created during data collection from a series of key muscle markers will be of use to both bioarchaeological and sports medicine specialists seeking to expand their understanding of human variation. The project will also allow for the generation of new contacts with Peruvian and Chilean museum and university specialists, which will facilitate future opportunities in Peru and Chile for American researchers and students. Ultimately any significant results obtained through this project will be rapidly disseminated to the broader community through a variety of media including: publications, lectures, and web sites in both English and Spanish.

目前，科学界对于压力下骨骼的行为存在争议。特别是，观察到的骨改变主要是由先天遗传影响引起的，还是与随着时间的推移施加的压力程度有关的物理反应。采用第二个立场，本研究试图检验这样的假设：肌肉标记图案（骨骼对活动的反应）可以准确区分考古学上界定的捕鱼和农业人口。 在安第斯考古学领域，一种假设表明秘鲁文明是从基于海洋而非农业资源的人口发展而来的。史前遗址往往集中在沿海三角洲和邻近河谷沿岸，这些地区最适合发展渔业和农业经济，因此很难仅根据遗址位置来区分生计。该地区的干旱气候所提供的特殊骨骼保存提供了另一种研究途径，即可预测的骨骼对与生存相关的活动的反应。具体来说，现有的临床数据表明，剧烈或重复的活动会引发骨反应。骨骼通过两个过程的联合作用来适应：建模和重塑。建模主要在生长和发育过程中发挥作用，以形成成人骨骼的大小和形状，而重塑主要在成年期发挥作用，以修复自然发生的骨骼损伤。 身体运动是通过肌肉动作来完成的。肌肉在称为附着点的区域附着在骨骼上。剧烈活动会对附着点造成很大负荷，过度使用可能会导致刺激和/或受伤。由于过度使用而产生的骨反应可以被察觉为附着点处的粗糙、嵴、结节、凹坑、凹槽或刺。群体内部和群体之间这些反应模式的变化允许开发基于活动的解释。更广泛的影响：这项研究提供了一种新方法来测试骨骼对施加的压力产生物理反应的假设的可行性，通过测试可观察到的肌肉标记变化是否可以区分考古学定义的群体。如果得到证实，这项研究和其他肌肉标记研究将成为对根据考古学、稳定同位素、微量元素、古民族植物学和动物考古学数据发展起来的史前生​​活方式假设的关键独立检验，重点关注从生存和职业到性别和阶级差异等一系列主题。 此外，还将利用一系列骨骼集合为科学界生成有价值的新数据，这些骨骼集合此前尚未针对肌肉标记变异进行系统研究。此外，在从一系列关键肌肉标记物收集数据期间创建的参考模型将有助于生物考古学和运动医学专家寻求扩大对人类变异的理解。 该项目还将与秘鲁和智利博物馆和大学专家建立新的联系，这将为美国研究人员和学生提供未来在秘鲁和智利的机会。最终，通过该项目获得的任何重大成果都将通过各种媒体迅速传播到更广泛的社区，包括：英语和西班牙语的出版物、讲座和网站。