Scalar Curvature, Geometric Flow, and the General Penrose Conjecture

标量曲率、几何流和广义彭罗斯猜想DMS-0206483休伯特·布雷，麻省理工学院这项研究的主要目的是证明广义相对论中关于时空中黑洞质量的全部彭罗斯猜想。在3+1维中，这一猜想表明，到处都有非负能量密度的时空的总质量大于或等于该时空中所有黑洞的视界总面积除以16pi的平方根。这一猜想可以被认为是这样的：一组黑洞贡献的质量至少是它们的表面积除以16pi的平方根，因此宇宙中其他地方的非负能量密度迫使时空的总质量至少是这个数字。彭罗斯猜想最好被认为是对任意三维时空切片的猜想。在假设类空切片具有零秒基本形式的特殊情况下，这个猜想称为黎曼彭罗斯猜想。1997年，Huisken和Ilmanen首先证明了这一猜想适用于单个黑洞，1999年作者又证明了这一猜想适用于任意数量的黑洞。作者还想证明高于3维的Riemannian PenRose猜想，并即将在低于8维的情况下宣布这一结果。八维和更高维度带来了额外的几何和分析挑战，这是因为黑洞的视界表现为最小超曲面，它可以有协维七奇点。由于类似的原因，正质量定理在这些维度上也仍然是开放的，这是另一个非常有趣的相关问题。虽然爱因斯坦的广义相对论在实验上是最著名的引力理论，但他们有许多关于该理论的理论问题，根本就没有被很好地理解。例如，给定宇宙在某个初始时刻，爱因斯坦方程是否如人们所希望的那样在未来有唯一的良好解，或者奇点是否通常会出现，例如可能辐射或消耗能量？该理论还预测了黑洞的存在，天文学家认为，他们已经能够探测到许多黑洞的位置，其中一个位于银河系中心，质量是太阳的300万倍。由于目前用黑洞进行实验是不可行的，因此目前从理论层面上理解这一潜在的重要现象是非常重要的。这项研究项目希望能更好地理解黑洞以及广义相对论中的能量和质量。

Scalar Curvature, Geometric Flows, and the General Penrose Conjecture DMS - 0206483 Hubert Bray, MIT The primary goal of this research is to prove the full Penrose conjecture in general relativity about the mass of black holes in a spacetime. In 3+1 dimensions, this conjecture states that the total mass of a spacetime with nonnegative energy density everywhere is greater than or equal to the square root of the total area of the event horizons of all of the black holes in the spacetime divided by 16 pi. This conjecture can be thought of as stating that the mass contributed by a collection of black holes is at least the square root of their surface areas divided 16 pi, so that nonnegative energy density everywhere else in the universe forces the total mass of the spacetime to be at least this amount. The Penrose conjecture is best thought of as a conjecture on arbitrary three dimensional space-like slices of the spacetime. In the special case that the space-like slice is assumed to have zero second fundamental form, the conjecture is known as the Riemannian Penrose conjecture. This conjecture was first proved for a single black hole by Huisken and Ilmanen in 1997 and then for any number of black holes by the author in 1999. The author would also like to prove the Riemannian Penrose Conjecture in dimensions higher than three and is close to announcing this result for dimensions less than eight. Dimensions eight and higher present additional geometric and analytical challenges arising from the fact that the apparent horizons of black holes manifest themselves as minimal hypersurfaces which can have co-dimension seven singularities. The positive mass theorem is also still open in these dimensions for similar reasons, and is another very interesting related problem.The motivation for the above problems is to gain a better understanding of General Relativity. While Einstein's theory ofGeneral Relativity is experimentally the best known theory of gravity, their are many theoretical questions about the theory which are not well understood at all. For example, given theuniverse at some initial time, do the Einstein equations have unique well-behaved solutions in the future as one would hope, ordo singularities typically occur which might radiate or consumeenergy for example? The theory also predicts the existence ofblack holes, and astronomers believe that they have been able to detect the location of many black holes including one which is 3 million times the mass of the sun at the center of our galaxy. Since doing experiments with black holes is currently not feasible, it makes since to understand this potentially very important phenomenon on a theoretical level for now. This research project hopes to lead to a better understanding of blackholes as well as energy and mass in General Relativity.