CAREER: Science, State, and Citizenship in Latin America

项目SummaryObjectives。“职业：拉丁美洲的科学、国家和公民”旨在通过一个双重过程开展和整合关于拉丁美洲科学和技术的新调查。首先，PI将对拉丁美洲科学进行重要的原创性研究，最终出版一本书籍，探讨19世纪末和20世纪初拉丁美洲政府如何使用科学的方法和修辞，特别是生物学、心理学和社会科学，来定义公民身份和充分参与社会的参数。第二，PI将构思、制作和分发一种电子研究和教学工具，以促进在广泛的科学史课程和项目中采用拉丁美洲的观点。虽然PI的学术书籍将对该主题提供理论和丰富的叙事分析，但电子档案的目标是为任何希望将这些主题纳入本科或研究生课程的教师或学生提供一个便携式的原始资源宝库（地图，前哥伦布工具的照片，个别科学家的传记，重要科学论文的翻译和科学探险家的第一手资料）。方法。PI的工作是跨学科的，将科学史的问题和方法与社会理论、政治和文化史、图像分析和定量数据结合起来。知识价值。该项目旨在提供有关拉丁美洲科学史的新知识，并使学生和学者广泛获得这些知识及其文献所依据的主要来源。该项目的两个方面都将突出社会、政治和文化背景在各种拉丁美洲国家对科学发现的使用和应用（或忽视）的重要性，以及这些发现和应用的国际影响。它将揭示来自拉丁美洲内部的比较见解，从而揭示西方更大的科学知识生产和创新系统。这本书的预期意义在于，它分析了西方民主的形式，以及科学思想在帮助塑造通往政治平等的各种不同道路方面所起的作用。更广泛的影响。这个项目反映了社会的关注，因为它有助于当前关于科学在全球科学背景下塑造国家政策和立法中的作用的讨论。该项目将有助于努力提高公众对科学的社会影响的认识，特别是科学与民主之间的关系。该项目的两个组成部分相互补充，将阐明科学和技术领域迫在眉睫的问题，特别是科学家和决策者一直并将继续考虑的关于公民身份和法律权利的生物、技术和社会科学思想的应用。具体来说，PI希望有助于澄清关于种族和民族群体之间差异的政治辩论中所涉及的问题，以及我们对民主国家机构发展的历史理解。几乎所有美国州都在考虑这些辩论，这些辩论涉及对移民设置限制、加强国家边境安全，或将历史上被剥夺公民权的群体纳入完全的公民身份，这些辩论将被视为他们的智力前辈，他们本身植根于科学的，甚至是普遍的概念。这项工作将进一步确定，通常被视为国家利益的政治和法律主题是过去和现在相互关联的跨国进程的一部分。最后，PI还希望为历史实践的民主化做出贡献，使无法前往遥远档案馆的个人更容易获得第一手资料。

Project SummaryObjectives. "CAREER: Science, State, and Citizenship in Latin America" aims to carry outand integrate new investigations on Latin American science and technology in a two-fold process. First, the PI will develop a significant body of original research on Latin American science, resulting in a published book that will explore the crucial question of how Latin American governments of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used the methods and rhetoric of science, especially biology, psychology, and social science, to define the parameters of citizenship and full participation in their societies. Second, the PI will conceive, produce, and distribute an electronic research and teaching tool to facilitate the adoption of Latin American perspectives in a broad range of history of science courses and projects. While the PI's scholarly book will provide a theoretical and rich narrative analysis of the topic, the goal of the electronic archive is to provide a portable treasure trove of primary sources ( maps, photographs of pre-Columbian tools, biographies of individual scientists, translations of important scientific papers and first-hand accounts by scientific explorers) to any teacher or student wishing to incorporate these topics in an undergraduate or graduate curriculum. Methods. The PI's work is interdisciplinary, incorporating questions and methods from the history of science with social theory, political and cultural history, image analysis, and quantitative data. Intellectual Merit. This project aims to provide new knowledge about the history of science in Latin America and to make that knowledge, and the primary sources on which its literature is based, widely available to students and scholars. Both aspects of the project will highlight the importance of social, political, and cultural context in a variety of Latin American nations in shaping the use and application (or neglect) of scientific findings, and the international impact of those discoveries and applications. It will reveal comparative insights from within Latin America that shed light on larger systems of scientific knowledge production and innovation in general in the West. The expected significance of the book-length study will lie in its analysis of forms of Western democracy and the role of scientific ideas in helping to shape the various and divergent paths towards political equality. Broader Impacts. This project reflects the concerns of society insofar as it contributes to current discussions about the role of science in molding state policy and legislation in a global scientific context. The project will contribute to efforts to develop public awareness of the social impact of science, in particular the relationship between science and democracy. The two components of this project, working complementarily, will shed light on imminent issues in science and technology, in particular the application of biological, technological, and social scientific ideas about citizenship and legal rights that have been, and continue to be, considered by scientists and policymakers. Specifically, the PI hopes to help clarify the issues at stake in political debates over differences among racial and national groups and in our historical understanding of the development of democratic state institutions. These debates, considered by nearly all American states, concerned setting of limits on immigration, tightening security at national borders, or integrating historically disenfranchised groups to full citizenship, will be seen in light of their intellectual predecessors, themselves rooted in scientific, even universal concepts. This work will further will establish that political and legal themes often seen as of national interest are part of interrelated transnational processes, both past and present. Finally, the PI also hopes to contribute to efforts to democratize the practice of history, making primary sources more available to individuals unable to travel to distant archives.