Attitudes about Gender and the Family

对性别和家庭的态度

• 批准号: 0550387
• 负责人: Kathryn Yount
• 金额: $ 8.96万
• 依托单位: Emory University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-07-15 至 2010-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0550387&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Attitudes; about; Gender; Family

Domestic Violence Against Married Women in EgyptProject AbstractBackground and Importance: Domestic violence against women is a global problem that has major effects on the well-being of women and children. Yet, research on the causes of such violence in non-Western settings is lacking. Some scholars have argued that the socioeconomic conditions of the community in which a person lives can reduce or increase a womans risk of domestic violence. Other scholars have argued that force is a resource in unions, which men may use when they lack other economic resources to control their partners. Others have argued that women who depend on a partner because they have children or few economic alternatives may be more tolerant of partner abuse. Still others have argued that differences in the resources of partners that threaten mens standing in the household may lead men to use force to reassert their dominance. Finally, others have argued that cross-cultural studies should consider the local characteristics of family and early-life experiences that encourage or discourage domestic violence. Research Questions: In this project, we tested, in community and regional context, the effects of household economic status, womens dependency or status inconsistency in marriage, family organization, and early-life experiences on the physical abuse of married women in Egypt, and on their reactions to such abuse. Analyses of womens attitudes about 1) wife beating, 2) divorce seeking, 3) violence as a form of manliness, 4) status differences in marriage, and 5) womens work will inform findings about domestic violence. Data and Methods: The analysis makes use of a nationally representative sample of roughly 6,535 married women aged 15-49 years in Egypt who provided information about their socio-economic situation and experiences of abuse. A summary measure for assets often owned by men captures household economic status. Number of living sons, number of living daughters, and measures of a womans personal economic resources represent a wifes absolute socioeconomic dependence on marriage. Measures for the relative age, education, and occupational standing of each woman vis a vis her husband represent her relative socioeconomic dependence or status inconsistency in marriage. Measures of family organization include the womans age at marriage, say in the choice of her spouse, type of marriage, early residence with marital relatives, and frequency of contact with blood relatives. Measures of early-life experience include each womans childhood residence, the relative education and occupational standing of her parents, and her experience of female genital cutting. Statistical methods appropriate for each outcome are used to assess the net effects of community and family characteristics on physical abuse in the prior year. In-depth interviews with 24 married women and 24 married men from 2 Northern and 2 Southern Egyptian settings were conducted to inform the main analysis. Interviews focus on local opinions about 1) status differences between spouses, 2) ways of showing manliness, 3) the proper treatment of wives and women, and 4) domestic violence. Social Value and Impact: This project makes use of the only publicly available, nationally representative dataset from the Arab Middle East that includes data on womens socio-economic status, early childhood, experiences of domestic violence, and attitudes about gender and violence. Thus, the findings of this project documents the scale of domestic violence in this setting, its family and community causes, and attitudes about violence against women. Findings inform the development of cross-cultural theories about the multilevel causes of domestic violence against women. Results also will be disseminated widely to scientists, academics, and students in the fields of Sociology, Womens Studies, Public Health, Nursing, and Violence Studies. The project also had a training component, in that a graduate student participated in the analysis and the fieldwork in Egypt, and presented project findings. The PI also presented findings in Egypt at the Social Research Center, American University in Cairo and provided briefs of the findings to Atlanta- and Cairo-based organizations that participate in policy discussions and programs that address womens issues and human rights. Findings are shared with Egyptian policy-makers who can propose changes in family law and to Egyptian activists who can implement public programs to assist the survivors of domestic violence.

背景与重要性：对妇女的家庭暴力是一个全球性问题，对妇女和儿童的福祉产生重大影响。然而，对非西方环境中这种暴力的原因缺乏研究。一些学者认为，一个人所生活的社区的社会经济条件可以减少或增加妇女遭受家庭暴力的风险。其他学者认为，在婚姻中，武力是一种资源，当男性缺乏其他经济资源来控制伴侣时，他们可能会使用这种资源。另一些人则认为，因为有孩子或没有经济选择而依赖伴侣的女性可能更能容忍伴侣虐待。还有一些人认为，伴侣资源的差异会威胁到男性在家庭中的地位，这可能会导致男性使用武力来重申自己的主导地位。最后，其他人认为跨文化研究应该考虑鼓励或阻止家庭暴力的当地家庭特征和早期生活经历。研究问题：在这个项目中，我们在社区和区域背景下测试了家庭经济状况、妇女在婚姻中的依赖或地位不一致、家庭组织和早期生活经历对埃及已婚妇女身体虐待的影响，以及她们对这种虐待的反应。分析妇女对以下问题的态度：1)殴打妻子；2)寻求离婚；3)暴力是男子气概的表现形式；4)婚姻中的地位差异；5)妇女的工作，将有助于研究家庭暴力。数据和方法：该分析利用了埃及约6535名15-49岁已婚妇女的全国代表性样本，这些妇女提供了有关其社会经济状况和虐待经历的信息。通常由男性拥有的资产的总括衡量标准反映了家庭经济状况。活着的儿子数量、女儿数量和妇女个人经济资源的衡量，代表了妻子对婚姻的绝对社会经济依赖。衡量每个妇女相对于其丈夫的相对年龄、教育程度和职业地位的措施代表了她在婚姻中的相对社会经济依赖或地位不一致。家庭组织的衡量标准包括妇女的结婚年龄，例如选择配偶的年龄、婚姻类型、早期与婚内亲属居住以及与血亲接触的频率。早期生活经历的衡量标准包括每个妇女的童年住所、父母的相对教育和职业地位以及女性生殖器切割的经历。采用适合每种结果的统计方法来评估前一年社区和家庭特征对身体虐待的净影响。对来自2个埃及北部和2个埃及南部地区的24名已婚妇女和24名已婚男子进行了深入访谈，为主要分析提供信息。采访的重点是当地人对以下问题的看法：1)夫妻之间的地位差异，2)表现男子气概的方式，3)正确对待妻子和女性，以及4)家庭暴力。社会价值和影响：该项目利用了中东阿拉伯地区唯一公开的、具有全国代表性的数据集，其中包括妇女的社会经济地位、幼儿期、家庭暴力经历以及对性别和暴力的态度等数据。因此，该项目的调查结果记录了这种情况下家庭暴力的规模、其家庭和社区原因以及对暴力侵害妇女行为的态度。研究结果为关于对妇女的家庭暴力的多层次原因的跨文化理论的发展提供了信息。研究结果还将广泛传播给社会学、妇女研究、公共卫生、护理和暴力研究领域的科学家、学者和学生。该项目还有一个培训部分，一名研究生参加了在埃及的分析和实地工作，并提出了项目结果。倡议还在开罗的美国大学社会研究中心介绍了在埃及的调查结果，并向亚特兰大和开罗的组织提供了调查结果的简报，这些组织参与了有关妇女问题和人权的政策讨论和项目。调查结果将与埃及的政策制定者分享，他们可以提议修改家庭法，也可以与埃及的活动人士分享，他们可以实施公共项目，帮助家庭暴力的幸存者。