Wastewater from Olive Oil Mills in Israel and Palestine: Interactions with Soil and Agrochemicals, and Mechanisms of Incorporation into Soil -Finalization of field and process study

橄榄厂废水在巴勒斯坦和以色列是一个严重的环境问题。如果能通过适当的施用策略克服土壤的疏水性和植物毒性，则可作为土壤的肥料。我们的目标是(i)了解omw -土壤相互作用过程及其对土壤润湿性、植物毒性和与农用化学品相互作用的影响；（ii）在实验室及实地研究中监察僭造废物的短期及长期影响；（iii）找出导致土壤性质变化的成分；及（iv）分析土壤与土壤在气候条件下的相互作用机制。在前两年，我们完成了筛选研究。在田间（Gilat和Bait Reema）和实验室研究中，我们研究了施用OMW的季节条件对土壤质量的影响。这些场地分别是以色列南部现代橄榄种植和西岸传统巴勒斯坦橄榄农业的典型代表。它们在土壤类型和质地、耕作强度、气候和灌溉方面存在很大差异。在这个提案中，我们要求延长三年，以便能够按计划完成实地实验和实验室研究。这将完成实地和实验室实验的数据集，以便得出关于过程和机制的最终结论，并可以发表。气候条件、过程和OMW效应之间的有趣关系预示着OMW化合物的可逆性降解、可逆性吸附和物理固定化之间的密切相互作用，它们表明了位置差异如何反映在OMW效应的程度和持久性上。将有可能利用最后取样活动的数据和完成实验室孵化研究来验证这些发现。这需要在2014年夏末进行最终采样，并在2013年底完成对采样的土壤分析。实验室实验需要最终数据和植物毒性分析，对吉拉特来说，还需要最终确定一套条件。田间试验和室内试验的样品将调查它们的拒水性（接触角、水滴渗透时间）、植物毒性（芥花发芽试验）、碳同位素比（δ ta13c）、对辛和狄戎的线性吸附系数，以及它们的热特性，包括耐热性和耐热性OM的数量及其热值。由此产生的过程理解将为地中海地区小规模和家庭规模橄榄油生产企业的OMW废水回用开辟一个前景，并将进一步帮助理解迄今尚未完全揭示的废水灌溉对土壤疏水性的影响。

Due to the often practised disposal into the environment, olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a serious environmental problem in Palestine and Israel. It could act as fertilizer for soil if soil hydrophobization and phytotoxicity can be overcome by suitable application strategies. Our objectives are (i) to understand OMW-soil interaction processes and their effects on soil wettability, phytotoxicity and interaction with agrochemicals; (ii) to monitor short-term and long-term effects of OMW application in lab and field studies; (iii) to identify components responsible for changes in soil properties and (iv) to analyse interaction mechanisms of OMW OM with soil in interplay with climatic conditions. In the first two years, we completed the screening study. In field (Gilat and Bait Reema) and lab studies, we have investigated the influence of seasonal conditions of OMW application on soil quality. The field sites are typically representative for modern olive cultivation in South Israel and for traditional Palestinian olive agriculture in the West Bank, respectively. They strongly differ from each other with respect to soil type and texture, cultivation intensity, climate and irrigation.In this proposal, we ask for extension by a third year, in order to be able to finish the field experiments and the lab studies as planned. This will complete the datasets of field and lab experiments in order to draw final conclusions on the processes and mechanisms and to become publishable.The interesting relations between climatic conditions, processes and OMW effects foreshadow the intensive interplay between deversible egradation, reversible sorption and physical immobilization of OMW compounds, and they show how locational differences are reflected in the degree and persistence of the OMW effects. Verification of the findings will be possible with the data from the finalizing sampling events and the completion of lab incubation studies. This requires a final sampling in late summer 2014 and completion of soil analyses of the samples taken in late 2013. Lab experiments require final data and phytotoxicity analysis and, for Gilat, finalization of the set of conditions. Samples from field experiments and laboratory experiments will be investigated for their water repellency (contact angle, water drop penetration time), their phytotoxicity (cress germination tests), their carbon isotopic ratio (delta13C), their linear sorption coefficient towards simazine and diuron and their thermal characteristics including amount of thermolabile and thermostable OM and their calorific value. The resulting process understanding will open a perspective for OMW wastewater reuse in small-scale and family-scale olive oil production businesses in the Mediterranean area and will further help to comprehend the until now not fully unravelled effects of wastewater irrigation on soil water repellency.