AOC: Improvisation in Emergency Response: Linking Cognition, Behavior and Social Interaction

大规模灾害——无论是由人为、技术还是自然原因引起的——都要求社会对重大破坏进行规划和应对。灾害有时会引起深刻的变化，因此需要在多个层面进行综合规划和应对：在社会层面，灾害的复杂性需要通过沟通进行协调；在行为层面上，时间压力促使人们对应对活动做出快速决策；在认知层面，不确定性和稀有性需要创造性思维。历史经验已经证明了即兴创作的重要性——在时间限制下进行的连续创作——在应对灾难方面，以及即兴创作的技能如何补充计划遵循的技能。即兴创作通常被认为是认知、行为和社会互动的共同产物。这个项目构成了第一个大规模的研究，以调查在紧急反应中认知、行为和社会现象之间的联系。预计这项工作的三个主要目标将导致提高对应急反应中的即兴行为的科学理解，从而为教育和政策举措提供信息，以改进社会如何规划、应对灾害并从中吸取教训。第一个目标是解释应急反应中即兴发挥的认知、行为和社会动态。这将通过对美国两起重要灾难的数据进行综合多学科分析来完成：1995年俄克拉何马州俄克拉荷马城阿尔弗雷德·p·默拉联邦大楼爆炸事件；以及2001年对纽约世界贸易中心的袭击。为了与先前的研究保持连续性，研究问题首先针对个别现象，然后针对它们之间的联系，从而形成一个综合的、基于事件的模型。第二个目标是展示并使研究项目产生的机器可读数据和工具公开可用。源材料的丰富性、质量和历史重要性——以及从中生成的数据集——将使它们成为进一步分析的优秀候选者。第三个目标是开发和评估工具、技术和其他材料，以支持有关临时救灾的培训和政策制定。这将通过对本科生和研究生以及从业人员的教育计划，以及通过政策领域的国际合作者的参与来实现。为了实现这些目标，该项目将开发、实施和评估一个多层次、多学科的应急应急应急模式。通过综合各种领域的理论和分析技术，这项工作将导致知识在他们的交叉点，从而解决跨学科的方法来研究人类对灾害的反应的需要。这项研究产生的理论进展将转化为对培训和政策的影响，并将受益于纳入国际观点。最后，这项工作将为如何将本文使用的数据源纳入工具设计提供指导，以支持社会规划、管理和学习人类对灾害的反应。

AOC: Improvisation in Emergency Response:Linking Cognition, Behavior and Social InteractionLarge-scale disasters--whether induced by human, technological, or natural causes--require society to plan for and respond to substantial disruption. As agents of sometimes profound change, disasters require integrated planning and response at multiple levels: at the social level, their complexity requires coordination through communication; at the behavioral level, time pressure creates the need for rapid decision making about response activities; at the cognitive level, uncertainty and rarity require creative thinking. Historical experience has demonstrated the importance of improvisation--serial creativity executed under time constraint--in responding to disasters, and how skill in improvising may complement skill in plan following. Improvisation is often conceptualized as the joint product of cognition, behavior, and social interaction. This project constitutes the first large-scale study to investigate improvisation at the nexus of cognitive, behavioral, and social phenomena in emergency response. The three main goals of this work are expected to lead to improved scientific understanding of improvisation in emergency response, thereby informing educational and policy initiatives to improve how society plans for, responds to, and learns from disasters. The first goal is to explain the cognitive, behavioral and social dynamics of improvisation in emergency response. This will be accomplished through an integrated multi-disciplinary analysis of data from two important U.S. disasters: the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK (OKC); and the 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in New York, NY (WTC). To provide continuity with prior studies, research questions are first developed for the individual phenomena and then for the links between them, leading to an integrated, event-based model. The second goal is to present and make publicly available the machine-readable data and tools produced by the research project. The richness, quality and historical importance of the source materials--as well as the data sets to be generated from them--will make them excellent candidates for further analysis. The third goal is to develop and evaluate tools, techniques, and other materials to support training and policy making regarding improvised response to disaster. This will be accomplished through educational programs for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as practitioners, and through the involvement of an international collaborator in the policy field.In accomplishing these goals, this project will develop, implement, and evaluate a multi-level, multi-disciplinary model of improvisation during emergency response. By synthesizing theory and analytic techniques from a wide variety of fields, this work will lead to knowledge at their intersection, thus addressing the need for cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of human response to disaster. The theoretical advances resulting from this research will be translated into implications for training and policy, and will benefit from the inclusion of an international perspective. Finally, this work will provide guidance on how data sources such as those used here may be incorporated into the design of tools to support society in planning for, managing, and learning from human responses to disaster.