Maori Transformation of the New Zealand Landscape Through the Use of Fire: A Case Study from South-Central South Island

毛利人通过用火改变新西兰景观:南岛中南部的案例研究

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    0645821
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2007-03-01 至 2011-08-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Proposal 0645821Cathy WhitlockMontana State UniversityAn understanding of prehistoric peoples and their influence on the environment is a central theme in geography and a topic of heated debate in North America. In most parts of the world, assessment of landscape modification is complicated by the need for precise information on prehistoric activities, as well as a record of environmental change that can distinguish human impacts from natural ones. This challenge is seldom met, because the debate over whether preEuropean landscapes were pristine or heavily modified is generally waged in places where human presence and environmental change have long joint histories. New Zealand is a rare exception and affords an unparalleled opportunity to study (1) human transformation of a forested landscape in the absence of major climate change, and (2) the consequences of fire in an ecosystem that had not previously experienced burning. Maori arrived and settled New Zealand in the 13th century, and soon thereafter reduced the original closed forest cover by nearly 40%. This event is one of the most rapid and complete landscape conversions recorded anywhere in the world. The proposed investigation will provide a better understanding of human-environment interactions in a relatively "controlled" experiment: Prior to 800 AD, there were no people in NZ and fire was rare. After Maori arrival, the vegetation was transformed in grand style from forest to grassland and evidence of burning abounds. The investigation will examine how deforestation was achieved and maintained on the South Island of New Zealand. The key questions are: Was landscape burning a frequent, purposeful activity designed to maintain an open vegetation cover? Or, were some areas more vulnerable to accidental, occasional fire than others, which led to forest demise in some regions and less severe consequences in others? To answer these questions, the latest techniques in charcoal and microfossil analysis will be applied at lake sites within a single watershed to generate a detailed reconstruction of fire frequency and vegetation change spanning the period from pre-human conditions to Maori arrival and finally European settlement. The investigation builds upon and complements an existing New Zealand-funded project that takes a more regional approach. Together, these projects will provide critical insights into how prehistoric people and later Europeans controlled the landscape, how management strategies evolved over time, and how local activities led to regional ecological transformation. Paleoecologic records from six small lakes in close proximity will be analyzed to determine if the initial burning occurred in a time-transgressive pattern along elevational gradients or whether it was synchronous across the area. Spatial differences in fire characteristics and vegetation response will help assess whether or not Maori-set fires were severe and frequent enough to maintain an open landscape everywhere. The focus on the study is on the initial shock of anthropogenic fire on a relatively dry landscape where fires prior to people were extremely rare. The two-phased impact of humans in New Zealand, first by indigenous people and then by Europeans, on a landscape that had not experienced much fire offers an opportunity to examine the mechanisms behind human-triggered ecological changes in general.
凯西·惠特洛克蒙大拿州立大学了解史前人类及其对环境的影响是地理学的一个中心主题,也是北美地区激烈争论的一个话题。在世界大多数地区,由于需要史前活动的精确信息,以及能够区分人类影响和自然影响的环境变化记录,对景观改变的评估变得复杂。这一挑战很少得到满足,因为关于前欧洲景观是原始的还是经过大量修改的争论通常是在人类存在和环境变化有着长期共同历史的地方进行的。新西兰是一个罕见的例外,它提供了一个无与伦比的机会来研究:(1)在没有重大气候变化的情况下,人类对森林景观的改造;(2)在一个以前没有经历过燃烧的生态系统中,火灾的后果。毛利人在13世纪到达并定居新西兰,此后不久就将原始封闭森林的覆盖面积减少了近40%。这一事件是世界上有记录的最迅速和最完整的景观转换之一。拟议的调查将在一个相对“受控”的实验中更好地理解人与环境的相互作用:公元800年之前,新西兰没有人,火灾很少见。毛利人到达后,植被从森林变成了草地,燃烧的证据比比皆是。这项调查将审查新西兰南岛的森林砍伐是如何实现和维持的。关键问题是:景观焚烧是一种频繁的、有目的的活动,目的是维持开放的植被覆盖吗?或者,是否有些地区比其他地区更容易受到偶然的火灾的影响,这导致了一些地区的森林死亡,而另一些地区的后果不那么严重?为了回答这些问题,将在单一流域内的湖泊地点应用木炭和微化石分析的最新技术,以详细重建从人类出现前到毛利人到达和最后欧洲人定居期间的火灾频率和植被变化。这项调查建立在新西兰资助的一个现有项目的基础上,并对其进行了补充,该项目采取了更区域性的方法。总之,这些项目将为史前人类和后来的欧洲人如何控制景观,管理策略如何随着时间的推移而演变,以及当地活动如何导致区域生态转型提供重要见解。将分析邻近六个小湖泊的古生态记录,以确定最初的燃烧是沿着海拔梯度以时间-海侵模式发生,还是在整个地区同步发生。火灾特征和植被反应的空间差异将有助于评估毛利人纵火的严重程度和频率是否足以维持各处的开阔景观。这项研究的重点是在相对干燥的地区,人为火灾的最初冲击,在那里,人类之前的火灾极为罕见。人类在新西兰的两个阶段的影响,首先是土著居民,然后是欧洲人,在一个没有经历过太多火灾的景观上,提供了一个机会来研究人类引发的生态变化背后的机制。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)

数据更新时间:{{ journalArticles.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
{{ item.translation_title }}
  • DOI:
    {{ item.doi }}
  • 发表时间:
    {{ item.publish_year }}
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    {{ item.factor }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.authors }}
  • 通讯作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ journalArticles.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ monograph.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ sciAawards.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ conferencePapers.updateTime }}

{{ item.title }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.author }}

数据更新时间:{{ patent.updateTime }}

Cathy Whitlock其他文献

In Memoriam: John Platt Bradbury (1936–2005)
  • DOI:
    10.1007/s10933-005-2506-1
  • 发表时间:
    2005-11-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    1.300
  • 作者:
    Walter Dean;Sheri Fritz;Cathy Whitlock;William Watts
  • 通讯作者:
    William Watts
Holocene black carbon in New Zealand lake sediment records
新西兰湖泊沉积物记录中的全新世黑碳
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108491
  • 发表时间:
    2024
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    4
  • 作者:
    S. Brugger;D. McWethy;N. Chellman;Matiu Prebble;Colin J. Courtney Mustaphi;S. Eckhardt;A. Plach;A. Stohl;J. Wilmshurst;Joseph R. McConnell;Cathy Whitlock
  • 通讯作者:
    Cathy Whitlock
Forests, fires and climate
森林、火灾与气候
  • DOI:
    10.1038/432028a
  • 发表时间:
    2004-11-03
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    48.500
  • 作者:
    Cathy Whitlock
  • 通讯作者:
    Cathy Whitlock

Cathy Whitlock的其他文献

{{ item.title }}
{{ item.translation_title }}
  • DOI:
    {{ item.doi }}
  • 发表时间:
    {{ item.publish_year }}
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    {{ item.factor }}
  • 作者:
    {{ item.authors }}
  • 通讯作者:
    {{ item.author }}

{{ truncateString('Cathy Whitlock', 18)}}的其他基金

Understanding past linkages between hydrothermal activity, climate change, and ecosystem dynamics
了解热液活动、气候变化和生态系统动态之间过去的联系
  • 批准号:
    2149482
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Understanding Fire-Human Dynamics Along a Forest-Steppe Ecotone
了解森林草原生态交错带沿线的火与人类动态
  • 批准号:
    1461590
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
PIRE: Wildfire feedbacks and consequences of altered fire regimes in the face of climate and land-use change in Tasmania, New Zealand, and the western U.S.
PIRE:塔斯马尼亚、新西兰和美国西部面临气候和土地利用变化时野火的反馈和火灾制度改变的后果
  • 批准号:
    0966472
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Controls of ecosystem development during rapid environmental change: Yellowstone in the late-glacial and early-Holocene periods
合作研究:环境快速变化期间生态系统发展的控制:晚冰期和早全新世时期的黄石公园
  • 批准号:
    0818467
  • 财政年份:
    2008
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Holocene Fire-Climate Linkages In Southern South America: Explaining Regional Responses To Large-scale Climate Forcing
合作研究:南美洲南部全新世火灾与气候的联系:解释对大规模气候强迫的区域反应
  • 批准号:
    0714061
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Research: Holocene Climatic and Ecologic History of the Northern Great Basin
博士论文研究:北部大盆地全新世气候与生态史
  • 批准号:
    0220966
  • 财政年份:
    2002
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Collaborative Research: Early-Versus Late- Holocene Drought Variations in the Northern Rocky Mountains
合作研究:落基山脉北部早全新世与晚全新世的干旱变化
  • 批准号:
    9906100
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research: Climate-Fire-Ecosystem Linkages On Decadal-to-Centennial Time Scales in the Northern Rockies
合作研究:北落基山脉十年至百年时间尺度上的气候-火灾-生态系统联系
  • 批准号:
    9615961
  • 财政年份:
    1997
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Heinrich-Scale Events in Western North America and the Northeastern Pacific? Testing Possible Mechanisms
北美西部和东北太平洋发生海因里希规模的事件?
  • 批准号:
    9615822
  • 财政年份:
    1996
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Response of the Pacific Northwest to Large-scale Changes in Climate during the Last 150,000 Years
过去 15 万年西北太平洋地区对大规模气候变化的反应
  • 批准号:
    9307201
  • 财政年份:
    1994
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant

相似海外基金

State Transformation in Historical Syria: Towards New Middle Eastern Area Studies with Mixed Methods
历史上叙利亚的国家转型:混合方法的新中东地区研究
  • 批准号:
    23H00043
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
Development of a new asset-management approach using a fast simulation technique based upon probability measure transformation
使用基于概率测度转换的快速模拟技术开发新的资产管理方法
  • 批准号:
    23K11000
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
A Study on the Transformation of Sick Roles and a New Health Social Model Based on Peer Support
基于同伴支持的患病角色转变与新型健康社会模式研究
  • 批准号:
    23K01774
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Reflecting Organisational Transformation through New Curatorial Practice
通过新的策展实践反映组织变革
  • 批准号:
    2893463
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
New paradigm reinforcement learning equipped with natural rationality deriving from sociality and reward transformation
具有源于社会性和奖励转化的自然理性的强化学习新范式
  • 批准号:
    23H03469
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
A new theory, vectorial and rotational canonical transformation, overcomes a barrier separating structural and mechanism analyses
向量和旋转正则变换这一新理论克服了结构分析和机制分析之间的障碍
  • 批准号:
    22K18853
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)
Track 4: Center for Equity and Diversity in Engineering at the University of New Orleans - Using Equity and Inclusion in the Transformation Preparation of Engineers
轨道 4:新奥尔良大学工程公平与多样性中心 - 在工程师转型准备中利用公平和包容性
  • 批准号:
    2222847
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
NEW CHALLENGES FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN TIMES OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN EUROPE: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL LABOUR PLATFORMS
欧洲数字化转型时期职业安全与健康的新挑战:数字化劳动力平台的作用
  • 批准号:
    ES/X006301/1
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Development of therapeutic drugs that tandemly suppress infection, lung fibrosis, and malignant transformation of the new coronavirus
开发串联抑制新型冠状病毒感染、肺纤维化和恶性转化的治疗药物
  • 批准号:
    22K06529
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
New development of the theory of martensitic transformation through three-dimensional analysis on lath martensite in steels
钢中板条马氏体三维分析马氏体相变理论新进展
  • 批准号:
    22K18910
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 27.48万
  • 项目类别:
    Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)
{{ showInfoDetail.title }}

作者:{{ showInfoDetail.author }}

知道了