Particle Trajectories in Volcanic Plumes: Model Development and Testing at Inyo Craters, California, United States

这项研究的主要目标是开发一个火山羽流模型，该模型可以跟踪羽流中岩石颗粒（火山碎屑或火山灰）的路径，并计算这些颗粒落在哪里。本研究的一个社会影响是利用该模型预测潜在火山落图的近端（靠近火山口）部分，这是世界范围内火山灾害预测和潜在火山灾害制图的重要组成部分。还计划使用该模型生成新的图形计算图，以估计火山喷发参数，如火山柱高度和风速，从火山落数据。在加利福尼亚州因约陨石坑的实地研究部分，将为潜在的未来火山爆发提供重要的限制，这些火山爆发可能会影响里诺和洛杉矶之间快速增长的走廊上的主要交通走廊和流域。拉斯维加斯。其他更广泛的影响包括，通过培养一名地质学和计算科学的女博士生，将代表性不足的群体和科学学科结合起来。调查人员把这个问题分成了几个部分。第一部分是通过模拟喷发流场中大颗粒的运动来模拟大型火山碎屑的近端沉降，这将是本研究的重点。一个大颗粒模块（LPM）正在编写中，它可以与动态火山羽流模拟ATHAM（主动示踪高分辨率大气模型）一起工作，并可能被添加到该模型中。该模块将用于在静态和视频摄影的限制下调查火山碎屑在羽流中的路径和分布，并根据地面火山碎屑分布的现场数据测试模型预测。对于野外研究部分，建议在精心选择的喷发沉积物的近端区域使用差分GPS进行精确定位，绘制和测量沉积物厚度和粒度。他们将研究美国西南部最新的大型普林尼式喷发沉积物，即Inyo tephras。现场数据将通过对模拟和地面测量的碎屑分布进行统计比较来分析。模型的优劣将通过使用其与现场数据的收敛程度来表征，并将该收敛程度与使用过去模型的结果进行比较。据设想，拟议的研究将导致一个大颗粒模块的开发，该模块可以与ATHAM一起工作，并可以整合到ATHAM中，开始生产第一个完整的3d tephra沉积模拟。在适当的喷发条件下，模拟应产生火山碎屑在羽流中的位置和浓度的可视化，以及大型火山碎屑在地面上的分布，以及与现场数据良好一致的厚度、等质量或粒度等条。

The main goal of this research is the development of a model for volcanic plumes that tracks the paths of rocky particles (pyroclasts or tephra) within the plume and calculates where these particles fall. One impact of the proposed research for society is to use the model to forecast the proximal (near to the vent) portion of potential tephra fall maps, which are an important part of hazards forecasting and hazards potential mapping at volcanoes worldwide. It is also planned to use the model to generate new graphical calculation plots to estimate eruption parameters, such as eruption column height and windspeed, from tephra fall data. The field portion of the research at Inyo Craters, CA, will provide important constraints on potential future eruptions that could impact major transportation corridors and watersheds in the rapidly growing corridor between Reno and Los Angeles?Las Vegas. Additional broader impacts include the integration of underrepresented groups and scientific disciplines through the training of a female Ph.D. student in both Geology and Computational Sciences. The investigators have broken the problem into several parts. The first part, which will be addressed by this research, is to model the proximal fallout of large pyroclasts by simulating the motion of large particles in eruptive flow fields. A large-particle module (LPM) is being written to work with and potentially be added to ATHAM (Active Tracer High resolution Atmospheric Model), a dynamic volcanic plume simulation. The module will be used to investigate pyroclast paths and distributions within the plume as constrained by still and video photography, and to test model predictions against field data on pyroclast distribution on the ground. For the field portion of the research, it is proposed to map and measure deposit thickness and grainsize in the proximal region of carefully chosen eruption deposits using differential GPS for precise location. They will study the most recent, large Plinian-type eruption deposits in the southwestern U.S., the Inyo tephras. The field data will be analyzed by statistical comparison of the modeled and the measured distributions of clasts on the ground. The goodness of the model will be characterized by using the degree of its convergence to the field data, and comparing this degree of convergence to the results from using past models. It is envisaged that the proposed research will result in the development of a large particle module that works with and can be incorporated into ATHAM to begin to produce the first full, 3-D tephra deposition simulation. Given appropriate eruptive conditions, the simulation should produce visualizations of pyroclast position and concentration within the plume, as well as distributions of large pyroclasts on the ground, and thickness, isomass or grain size isopleths in good agreement with field data.