Doctoral Dissertation Research in Political Science: Conflict, Violence and Civil War

题目：政治科学博士论文研究：冲突、暴力与内战[020440]【摘要】为什么一些战斗团体在内战期间实施大规模强奸，而另一些却从不转向性暴力？在什么情况下，在内战期间可以预测广泛的性暴力？性暴力是否与其他类型的暴力共同变化，或者强奸是否可以替代某些类型的强制暴力？战斗人员对女性非战斗人员的暴力与对男性非战斗人员的暴力是否共同变化？在这个论文项目中，研究者将比较塞拉利昂和东帝汶的情况下，两个漫长的，暴力和非种族的内战，有一个重要的变化点为我的研究。在塞拉利昂，强奸几乎完全是由反叛派别犯下的，而在东帝汶，强奸则是印度尼西亚军队的专属职权。为了研究这两种冲突，调查员将使用统计分析来分析调查和冲突数据，并使用定性方法对战争暴力受害者和前战斗人员进行访谈和焦点小组。利用这些数据，调查人员将检验针对平民的性暴力的相互矛盾的假设。虽然政治学家最近在了解内战期间对平民实施暴力的条件方面取得了进展，但这些研究主要集中在杀人方面，而排除了所有其他类型的暴力。然而，在战争期间，杀人往往是专门针对男人和男孩的。因为政治学家在他们的理论和对冲突期间暴力的分析中只研究谋杀，他们无意中把重点放在了一种主要针对男性的暴力形式上。在这个项目的最初阶段，研究者发现这些理论可能无法解释性暴力，因为性暴力几乎只针对女性。这项研究更广泛的影响是，通过对战争暴力受害者的采访，该项目为遭受战争强奸的妇女发出了声音，许多专家认为这种现象正变得越来越普遍。

Primary Investigators: James D. Fearon and Dana CohenTitle: Doctoral Dissertation Research in Political Science: Conflict, Violence, and Civil War0720440AbstractWhy do some combatant groups commit mass rape during civil war, while others never turn to sexual violence? What are the conditions under which widespread sexual violence can be predicted during a civil conflict? Does sexual violence co-vary with other types of violence or does rape serve as a substitute for certain types of coercive violence? Does combatant violence against female noncombatants co-vary with violence against male noncombatants? In this dissertation project, the investigator will compare the cases of Sierra Leone and East Timor, two lengthy, violent and non-ethnic civil wars that have one important point of variation for my study. In Sierra Leone, rape was committed almost entirely by the rebel factions, while in East Timor, rape was the exclusive purview of the Indonesian military. To study these two conflicts, the investigator will use both statistical analyses to analyze survey and conflict data and qualitative methodologies to conduct interviews and focus groups with victims of war violence and ex-combatants. Using these data, the investigator will test competing hypotheses of sexual violence against civilians. While political scientists have made recent strides in understanding the conditions under which violence is perpetrated against civilians during civil war, these studies have focused on homicide to the exclusion of all other types of violence. Homicide, however, is often directed specifically at men and boys during war. Because political scientists have studied only homicide in their theories and analyses of violence during conflict, they have unwittingly focused on a form of violence that has mainly targeted men. In the initial part of this project, the investigator has found that such theories may not serve to explain sexual violence, which almost exclusively targets women. The broader impact of this study is that, through interviews with victims of war violence, the project gives a voice to the women who have suffered war rape, a phenomenon that many experts believe is becoming increasingly common.