Exports and Wage Premia

出口和工资的前提条件[参考译文]埃里克·维霍根，哥伦比亚大学出口在许多国家的发展战略中起着核心作用。在围绕全球化的政策辩论中，一个关键问题是如何广泛地分享一体化，特别是出口带来的收益。众所周知，在发展中国家和发达国家，出口工厂往往比同一行业内的非出口工厂支付更高的工资。但目前尚不清楚，这是否反映了出口与工资溢价之间的因果关系。工资溢价是指，工人的工资高于劳动力市场上其他地方的工资。由于两种形式的选择偏差，估计出口对工资溢价影响的任务变得复杂。一方面，进入出口市场的工厂往往在许多方面都表现出色，目前尚不清楚出口本身是否要为这些工厂的高工资负责。另一方面，出口工厂雇用的工人可能拥有宝贵的技能，虽然研究人员无法观察到，但在劳动力市场的其他地方也会得到同样的回报。因此，虽然出口可能提高工厂内的平均工资，但这种增长可能只是反映了劳动力技能构成的变化，而不是工资溢价。该项目开发了一个关于墨西哥制造工厂和工人的丰富的新微观数据集，以便在不考虑工厂选择进入出口市场和工人选择进入出口工厂的混淆效应的情况下，估计出口对工资溢价的影响。该项目将墨西哥统计机构的纵向工厂级数据集与墨西哥社会保障机构的雇主-雇员数据集连接起来，该数据集包含出口和其他工厂随时间变化的特征信息，该数据集跟踪每个工人从一个工厂转移到另一个工厂。该项目利用1994年底的比索危机作为自然实验，由于比索实际大幅贬值，墨西哥制造工厂的出口倾向发生了变化。它开发了一种新的计量经济学方法，在估计出口对工资溢价的影响时，考虑到经济范围内技能价值的变化。该项目是第一个使用自然实验方法在工厂层面检查工资溢价决定因素的项目之一。该项目在许多层面上做出了更广泛的贡献。它为关于如何分享国际一体化的好处的公开辩论提供了信息。它还产生了一个重要的公共产品，一个墨西哥的雇主-雇员和纵向工厂数据集，预计将为美国和墨西哥的研究团体提供广泛的服务。美国和墨西哥之间的研究合作可能会受益。

Exports and Wage PremiaNSF Proposal 0721068Eric Verhoogen, Columbia UniversityExporting plays a central role in the development strategies of many countries. A crucial issue in policy debates around globalization is how broadly the gains from integration, and exporting in particular, are being shared. It is well established that exporting plants tend to pay higher wages than non-exporting plants within the same industry, in developing as well as developed countries. But it is not clear that this reflects a causal relationship between exporting and wage premia that is, wages above what workers would be paid elsewhere on the labor market. The task of estimating the effect of exporting on wage premia is complicated by two forms of selection bias. On one hand, plants that enter the export market tend to be strong performers on many dimensions, and it is not clear that exporting per se is responsible for high wages in such plants. On the other hand, the workers hired by exporting plants may have valuable skills that, while unobservable to researchers, would be equally rewarded elsewhere on the labor market. Thus while exporting may raise average wages within a plant, this rise may simply reflect changes in the skill composition of the workforce, rather than wage premia.This project develops a rich new micro-dataset on Mexican manufacturing plants and workers in order to estimate the effect of exporting on wage premia separate from the confounding effects of plants' selection into the export market and workers' selection into exporting plants. The project links a longitudinal plant-level dataset from the Mexican statistical agency, a dataset that contains information on exports and other plant characteristics over time, with an employer-employee dataset from the Mexican social security agency which follows individual workers as they move from plant to plant. The project uses the peso crisis of late 1994 as a natural experiment that was generating changes in the propensity of Mexican manufacturing plants to export as a result of the steep real depreciation of the peso. It develops a new econometric methodology that takes into account changes in the economy-wide value of skill in estimating the effect of exporting on wage premia. The project is one of the first to use a natural-experiment methodology to examine the determinants of wage premia at the plant level.The project makes broader contributions on a number of levels. It informs public debates about how the benefits to international integration are being shared. It also generates an important public good , a combined employer-employee and longitudinal plant dataset for Mexico , that is expected to be of broad service to research communities both in the United States and Mexico. Research collaborations between the United States and Mexico are likely to benefit.