Fundamentals of Efficient Communication in Wireless Underground Sensors Networks

无线地下传感器网络(WUSN)是一个很有前途的领域，它将使现有的有线地下监测技术无法实现的各种新的应用成为可能。与现有的有线井下传感器网络相比，无线无线传感器网络具有隐蔽性、易部署、数据的及时性、可靠性和覆盖密度等显著优点。尽管具有潜在的优势，但WUSN的实现具有挑战性。这一领域的主要挑战是实现高效和可靠的地下连接，以建立多跳并有效地传播数据以实现无缝操作。此外，电磁波在土壤中的传播特性阻碍了对地下无线信道的直接描述。因此，需要先进的传播模型和多路径模型来研究土壤在地下通信中的影响。这项研究提供了先进的模型和技术来全面描述地下无线信道的特征，并为在这种环境下进行有效的通信奠定了基础。该模型旨在通过考虑多路径、土壤成分、含水率和埋藏深度来描述电磁波在土壤中的传播。基于土壤通信的这些特点，提出了一种用于描述无线无线传感器网络跨层通信特性的优化框架。该框架以跨层的方式对各种协议层的问题进行联合建模，例如媒体访问控制、路由和传输。此外，还研究了一种跨层框架，以分析各种差错控制技术的影响，并确定WUSN中的最佳分组大小。该优化框架基于能耗、吞吐量和资源利用率方面的三个主要优化函数。因此，可以基于在本研究中开发的信道模型的基础以及由该框架确定的最有效的差错控制技术来开发高效的通信协议。

Fundamentals of Efficient Communication in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks AbstractWireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) is a promising field that will enable a wide variety of novel applications that were not possible with current wired underground monitoring techniques. Compared to the current wired underground sensor networks, WUSN have several remarkable merits, such as concealment, ease of deployment, timeliness of data, reliability and coverage density. Despite its potential advantages, the realization of WUSN is challenging. The main challenge in this area is the realization of efficient and reliable underground links to establish multiple hops and efficiently disseminate data for seamless operation. Furthermore, the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in soil prevent a straightforward characterization of underground wireless channel. Hence, advanced propagation and multi-path models are required to investigate the effects of soil in underground communication. This research provides advanced models and techniques to completely characterize the underground wireless channel and lay out the foundations for efficient communication in this environment. This model aims to characterize the propagation of EM wave in soil by considering multipath, soil composition, water content, and burial depth. Based on these peculiarities of communication in soil, an optimization framework is developed to characterize cross-layer communication aspects in WUSN. This framework jointly models problems at various protocol layers such as medium access control, routing, and transport in a cross-layer fashion. Moreover, a cross-layer framework is investigated to analyze the effects of various error control techniques and determine the optimal packet size in WUSNs. This optimization framework is based on three main optimization functions in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and resource utilization. Consequently, efficient communication protocols can be developed based on the foundations of the channel model developed in this research and the most efficient error control techniques determined by this framework.