PIRE: Carbon, Water and Vegetation Dynamics of Amazon Forests Under Climatic Variability and Change

PIRE：气候变率和变化下亚马逊森林的碳、水和植被动态

• 批准号: 0730305
• 负责人: Scott Saleska
• 金额: $ 249.24万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-01 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0730305&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: PIRE; Carbon; Water; Vegetation; Dynamics

0730305SaleskaThis international partnership involving University of Arizona and Harvard University, University of São Paulo; Federal University of Pará; National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA); Brazilian Agricutural Research Agency (EMBRAPA); and the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Belém) addresses a fundamental earth system science question that cannot be answered without a strong intellectual collaboration between scientists in the U.S. and in South America: what is the future of Amazon forests under climate change? Models that simulate the coupled interaction of climate with carbon and water cycles, mediated by vegetation, suggest that these forests will collapse due to global warming-induced drying. But other models predict resilience. Since current knowledge is insufficient to resolve the discrepant predictions, this project is conducting a suite of long-term observations, integrated with modeling, to improve our understanding of the mechan¬isms of forest-climate interactions in Amazônia. The work focuses on the response of Amazon forests to drought such as that caused by the El Niño and Tropical Atlantic cycles. The integrated research program uses 3 approaches: (1) Long-term observations of ecosystem fluxes of carbon dioxide, water, and energy on a network of sites; vegetation dynamics and ecophysiology at a core site; and regional to continent¬al scale forest-atmosphere processes, by remote sensing and by aircraft and tower sampling campaigns of atmospheric carbon dioxide, trace gases, and biogenic aerosols. Extensive existing and new datasets allow PIRE students to make observational tests only now possible due to ground-based and satellite infrastructure put in place since the last large El Niño-related drought in 1997/98. (2) Long-term manipulation of precipitation and carbon dioxide inside a precisely controllable 0.2 ha experimental tropical forest, part of the University of Arizona?s new program at the Biosphere 2, in order to test mechanisms not observable at ambient carbon dioxide levels. (3) Multiscale model simulations linking carbon and water cycles with evolution of the forest vegetation assemblage, using the Ecosystem Demography (ED) model, general circulation models (GCMs), and high-resolution mesoscale and global models (Brazil-RAMS, OLAM).These research approaches are linked with an innovative education program combining international collaboration with interdisciplinary training in earth system science, in which graduate and undergraduate students will work in the Amazon rainforest, first as students in an annual field course in tropical ecology and biogeochemistry, and then (for graduate students), as teachers in a structured graduate mentoring of field research projects. The project involves intensive collaborations with Brazilian scientists and students including exchanges at Brazilian scientific institutions, and the development of projects leveraging the extensive datasets and facilities available as a result of close international collaboration. The project will also include training in key disciplines for the scientific study of Amazônia, and the environment using state of the art tools in remote sensing and modeling.This partnership will impact broader society by expanding International collaboration to improve scientific understanding of the future of the Amazon, including the role of Amazon forests in global biogeochemical cycling and climate change. Provide education for undergraduate and graduate students, including students from underrepresented groups, that integrates a rigorous interdisciplinary curriculum with experience-based international field work that will foster intensive international collaborations between U.S. and Brazilian research groups. The project will involve Intensive collaboration between U.S. and Brazilian partners, leveraging significant added value from Brazilian support of Brazilian partners, and from extensive infrastructure and sophisticated field instrumentation, a result of past NASA and Brazilian support. It is expected that the project will be the foundation for a sustainable international collaboration that will foster a new generation of culturally experienced scientific leaders prepared to address global environmental problems. This project is funded by the Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) with co-funding from the Division of Environmental Biology (DEB).

这一国际伙伴关系涉及亚利桑那大学和哈佛大学、圣保罗大学、帕拉联邦大学、亚马逊河国家研究所（INPA）、巴西农业研究机构（EMBRAPA）;和Paraense Emilio Goeldi博物馆（贝伦）解决了一个基本的地球系统科学问题，如果没有美国科学家之间强有力的智力合作，这个问题就无法回答。在南美洲：气候变化下亚马逊森林的未来是什么？ 模拟气候与植被介导的碳和水循环的耦合相互作用的模型表明，这些森林将由于全球变暖引起的干旱而崩溃。 但其他模型预测了弹性。由于目前的知识不足以解决不一致的预测，该项目正在进行一系列长期观测，结合建模，以提高我们对亚马逊森林气候相互作用机制的理解。这项工作的重点是亚马逊森林对诸如厄尔尼诺和热带大西洋周期造成的干旱的反应。 综合研究计划采用3种方法： (1)通过遥感和大气二氧化碳、痕量气体和生物气溶胶的飞机和塔式采样活动，对一个站点网络上的二氧化碳、水和能量的生态系统通量进行长期观测;在一个核心站点进行植被动态和生态生理学观测;以及区域到大陆尺度的森林-大气过程。 由于自1997/98年上一次与厄尔尼诺有关的大干旱以来建立了地面和卫星基础设施，广泛的现有和新的数据集使PIRE学生能够进行观测测试。 (2)长期控制降水和二氧化碳在一个精确可控的0.2公顷实验热带森林，亚利桑那大学的一部分？为了测试在环境二氧化碳水平下无法观察到的机制，美国科学家在生物圈2号进行了一项新计划。 (3)利用生态系统人口模型、大气环流模型以及高分辨率中尺度和全球模型，进行多尺度模型模拟，将碳和水循环与森林植被组合的演变联系起来（巴西-RAMS，OLAM）。这些研究方法与一个创新的教育计划相结合，该计划将国际合作与地球系统科学的跨学科培训相结合，研究生和本科生将在亚马逊雨林工作，首先作为热带生态学和地球化学年度实地课程的学生，然后（研究生）作为教师，对实地研究项目进行结构化的研究生指导。 该项目涉及与巴西科学家和学生的密切合作，包括在巴西科学机构进行交流，以及利用密切国际合作产生的广泛数据集和设施开发项目。 该项目还将包括亚马逊科学研究的关键学科培训，以及使用最先进的遥感和建模工具进行环境研究。这一伙伴关系将通过扩大国际合作来影响更广泛的社会，以提高对亚马逊未来的科学认识，包括亚马逊森林在全球地球化学循环和气候变化中的作用。 为本科生和研究生提供教育，包括来自代表性不足群体的学生，将严格的跨学科课程与基于经验的国际实地工作相结合，这将促进美国和巴西研究小组之间的密切国际合作。 该项目将涉及美国和巴西合作伙伴之间的密切合作，利用巴西对巴西合作伙伴的支持以及广泛的基础设施和复杂的现场仪器的显著附加值，这是NASA和巴西过去支持的结果。预计该项目将成为可持续国际合作的基础，从而培养新一代有文化经验的科学领导人，准备解决全球环境问题。 该项目由国际科学与工程办公室（OISE）资助，环境生物学部（DEB）共同资助。