PIRE: Carbon, Water and Vegetation Dynamics of Amazon Forests Under Climatic Variability and Change

0730305 saleska亚利桑那大学和哈佛大学、圣保罗大学的国际合作；帕尔<e:1>联邦大学；国家亚马逊研究所；巴西农业研究局；和Paraense Emilio Goeldi博物馆（belsamm）探讨了一个基本的地球系统科学问题，如果没有美国和南美科学家之间强有力的智力合作，这个问题就无法得到回答：气候变化下亚马逊森林的未来是什么？模拟由植被介导的气候与碳和水循环耦合相互作用的模型表明，由于全球变暖引起的干旱，这些森林将会崩溃。但其他模型预测的是弹性。由于目前的知识不足以解决预测的差异，该项目正在进行一套长期观测，与建模相结合，以提高我们对Amazônia森林-气候相互作用机制的理解。这项工作的重点是亚马逊森林对干旱的反应，比如厄尔尼诺Niño和热带大西洋周期造成的干旱。该综合研究项目采用3种方法：(1)在一个站点网络上对二氧化碳、水和能量的生态系统通量进行长期观测；核心区植被动态与生态生理研究通过遥感以及飞机和塔架对大气中的二氧化碳、微量气体和生物气溶胶进行取样，研究区域到大陆尺度的森林-大气过程。广泛的现有和新的数据集使实验所的学生现在才有可能进行观测试验，这是由于1997/98年上一次El Niño-related大干旱以来建立的地面和卫星基础设施。(2)在精确可控的0.2公顷实验热带森林内长期操纵降水和二氧化碳，亚利桑那大学的一部分？这是美国在生物圈2号上的一个新项目，目的是测试在环境二氧化碳水平下无法观察到的机制。(3)利用生态系统人口统计学（ED）模式、大气环流模式（GCMs）和高分辨率中尺度和全球模式（Brazil-RAMS， OLAM）对森林植被组合演变的碳和水循环进行了多尺度模拟。这些研究方法与一项创新的教育计划相联系，该计划将国际合作与地球系统科学的跨学科培训相结合，在该计划中，研究生和本科生将在亚马逊雨林工作，首先作为热带生态学和生物地球化学年度实地课程的学生，然后（对于研究生）作为教师，在实地研究项目的结构化研究生指导中工作。该项目涉及与巴西科学家和学生的密切合作，包括在巴西科学机构进行交流，以及利用密切国际合作所提供的广泛数据集和设施开发项目。该项目还将包括在关键学科方面进行培训，以便对Amazônia进行科学研究，并利用最先进的遥感和建模工具进行环境研究。这一伙伴关系将通过扩大国际合作来提高对亚马逊未来的科学认识，包括亚马逊森林在全球生物地球化学循环和气候变化中的作用，从而影响更广泛的社会。为本科生和研究生提供教育，包括来自代表性不足群体的学生，将严格的跨学科课程与基于经验的国际实地工作相结合，这将促进美国和巴西研究团体之间的密切国际合作。该项目将涉及美国和巴西合作伙伴之间的密切合作，利用巴西对巴西合作伙伴的支持以及美国宇航局和巴西过去支持的广泛基础设施和复杂的现场仪器带来的重大附加值。预计该项目将成为可持续的国际合作的基础，这种合作将培养新一代具有文化经验的科学领导人，他们准备解决全球环境问题。该项目由国际科学与工程办公室（OISE）和环境生物学部（DEB）共同资助。

0730305SaleskaThis international partnership involving University of Arizona and Harvard University, University of São Paulo; Federal University of Pará; National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA); Brazilian Agricutural Research Agency (EMBRAPA); and the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Belém) addresses a fundamental earth system science question that cannot be answered without a strong intellectual collaboration between scientists in the U.S. and in South America: what is the future of Amazon forests under climate change? Models that simulate the coupled interaction of climate with carbon and water cycles, mediated by vegetation, suggest that these forests will collapse due to global warming-induced drying. But other models predict resilience. Since current knowledge is insufficient to resolve the discrepant predictions, this project is conducting a suite of long-term observations, integrated with modeling, to improve our understanding of the mechan¬isms of forest-climate interactions in Amazônia. The work focuses on the response of Amazon forests to drought such as that caused by the El Niño and Tropical Atlantic cycles. The integrated research program uses 3 approaches: (1) Long-term observations of ecosystem fluxes of carbon dioxide, water, and energy on a network of sites; vegetation dynamics and ecophysiology at a core site; and regional to continent¬al scale forest-atmosphere processes, by remote sensing and by aircraft and tower sampling campaigns of atmospheric carbon dioxide, trace gases, and biogenic aerosols. Extensive existing and new datasets allow PIRE students to make observational tests only now possible due to ground-based and satellite infrastructure put in place since the last large El Niño-related drought in 1997/98. (2) Long-term manipulation of precipitation and carbon dioxide inside a precisely controllable 0.2 ha experimental tropical forest, part of the University of Arizona?s new program at the Biosphere 2, in order to test mechanisms not observable at ambient carbon dioxide levels. (3) Multiscale model simulations linking carbon and water cycles with evolution of the forest vegetation assemblage, using the Ecosystem Demography (ED) model, general circulation models (GCMs), and high-resolution mesoscale and global models (Brazil-RAMS, OLAM).These research approaches are linked with an innovative education program combining international collaboration with interdisciplinary training in earth system science, in which graduate and undergraduate students will work in the Amazon rainforest, first as students in an annual field course in tropical ecology and biogeochemistry, and then (for graduate students), as teachers in a structured graduate mentoring of field research projects. The project involves intensive collaborations with Brazilian scientists and students including exchanges at Brazilian scientific institutions, and the development of projects leveraging the extensive datasets and facilities available as a result of close international collaboration. The project will also include training in key disciplines for the scientific study of Amazônia, and the environment using state of the art tools in remote sensing and modeling.This partnership will impact broader society by expanding International collaboration to improve scientific understanding of the future of the Amazon, including the role of Amazon forests in global biogeochemical cycling and climate change. Provide education for undergraduate and graduate students, including students from underrepresented groups, that integrates a rigorous interdisciplinary curriculum with experience-based international field work that will foster intensive international collaborations between U.S. and Brazilian research groups. The project will involve Intensive collaboration between U.S. and Brazilian partners, leveraging significant added value from Brazilian support of Brazilian partners, and from extensive infrastructure and sophisticated field instrumentation, a result of past NASA and Brazilian support. It is expected that the project will be the foundation for a sustainable international collaboration that will foster a new generation of culturally experienced scientific leaders prepared to address global environmental problems. This project is funded by the Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) with co-funding from the Division of Environmental Biology (DEB).