The Strombolian Conduit: What Happens in the Last 250 m?

斯特龙博利火山爆发活动的类型被称为斯特龙博利火山，其特征是重复的、低能量的爆炸，并以这种活动持续了大约2000年的火山命名，即意大利伊奥利亚群岛的斯特龙博利火山。由于活动是有保证的，斯特隆博利代表了一个很好的实验室，在那里可以安全地进行爆炸测量，但距离很近。这使我们能够了解火山爆发的原因，以及爆发的炸弹云、火山灰和气体是如何移动的。仅测量这些特性本身就是一项进步，但它也将使我们进一步了解火山是如何以及为什么喷发的，以及潜在危险的爆炸性产物是如何扩散的。该项目将与佛罗伦萨大学的其他科学家协调，并与负责监测该火山的意大利机构合作。预计这些结果可以反馈，以帮助提高对美国火山爆发行为的理解，在基拉韦厄火山上新开的一个喷口需要关闭夏威夷火山国家公园的一部分，它正在以与斯特隆博利开放的喷口非常相似的方式脱气。该团队还将直接将这项研究的结果提供给我们夏威夷大学学生的教育和培训，这些学生将与收集到的数据一起工作并从中学习。为了实现我们的目标，我们计划结合一些新技术，比如手持式热红外摄像机。这使我们能够以每秒40帧的帧率拍摄羽流从喷口上升时的热图像。此外，他们将使用一种新的便携式二氧化硫气体传感器，可以跟踪每次爆炸期间气体排放的变化。像爆炸云的速度、体积和密度这样简单的数字很难测量，但对于预测云如何上升和漂移至关重要。这些新技术将提供有关这些关键特性的基本数据。另一个确定爆炸原因的关键证据是爆炸过程中被抛出的碎屑。它们的纹理（就气泡和晶体而言）包含了导致爆炸的导管动力学的宝贵信息。与此同时，爆炸产生了一种声音，以及地震，这也告诉了我们爆炸的来源特性。因此，还计划对这些碎屑进行取样，并将它们的信息与声波、地震、热和气体传感器数据相结合，以了解爆炸是如何产生的，云是如何上升到管道上的，然后是如何离开通风口的。

The type of volcanic explosive activity known as Strombolian is characterized by repeated, low energy, explosions and is named after the volcano where such activity has persisted for around 2000 years, i.e., Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands (Italy). Because activity is guaranteed, Stromboli represents an excellent laboratory where measurements of the explosions can be made from safe, but close, distances. This allows us to understand what causes the volcanic explosion and then how the erupted cloud of bombs, ash and gas moves. Measuring these properties alone would be an advance itself, but it will also allow us to further understand how and why a volcano erupts and how its potentially hazardous explosive products are dispersed. This project will be coordinated with other scientists from the University of Florence and in collaboration with the Italian agencies responsible for monitoring this volcano. It is expected that the results can feed back to help improve the understanding of the explosive behavior of US volcanoes, where a new vent opening on Kilauea that required the shut-down of a section of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, is degassing in a very similar manner to Stromboli's open vents. The team will also directly feed results from this research into the education and training of our University of Hawaii students who will work with, and learn from, the collected data.To achieve our aims it is planned to combine a number of new technologies, such as hand-held thermal infrared cameras. These allow us to take thermal images of the plume at frame rates of up to 40 frames per second as it ascends from the vent. In addition, they will use a new, portable, generation of sulfur dioxide gas sensors that enables tracking of the variation in gas emission during each explosion. Simple numbers such as the velocity, volume and density of the explosion cloud are extremely hard to measure but are pivotal in predicting how a cloud will rise and drift. These new technologies will provide essential data regarding these key properties. Another key piece of evidence in determining what causes the explosions is locked in the scoriae that are thrown out during the explosion. Their textures (in terms of bubbles and crystals) contain precious information about the conduit dynamics that led to the explosion. At the same time the explosion produces a sound, as well as earth tremor, that also tells us about the source properties of the explosion. Thus, it is also planned to sample these scoriae, and combine their information with sonic, seismic, thermal and gas sensor data to understand how the explosion is generated, how the cloud ascends the conduit and, then, how it exits the vent.