Archaeological Survey of Late Postclassic Tlaxcala, Mexico

墨西哥特拉斯卡拉后古典时代晚期考古调查

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    0809643
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2008
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2008-09-01 至 2010-08-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

The Mesoamerican Late Postclassic Period (ca. CE 1200-1520) featured radical transformations in society, culture, and demography. World-system exchanges of valuable goods grew in volume as did competition for trade routes and raw materials. The Central Mexican Highlands emerged as Mesomerica's major economic and political core zone, and here economic change spurred political change as large empires asserted control over the growing economic system. A sorting-out period of competition between imperial aspirants was finally resolved as the Aztec Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire) consolidated control over the Central Highlands and beyond. Wars between Central Mexican polities were among the bloodiest and most closely-fought during this period. While the Empire was eventually able to dominate, one polity alone, Tlaxcala, remained unconquered (this is highly relevant to later colonial history, since Cortés would not have defeated the Aztecs except for the fact that he allied with free Tlaxcala). The goal of this project is to combine ethnohistoric and archaeological data to better understand how the Tlaxcalans successfully resisted imperial incorporation. What this project's research has discovered to date, mostly from ethnohistoric sources, is that during the post-1300 period the Tlaxcalans crafted a new political regime that, although borrowing from some conventions of Nahua political culture, in many ways radically departed from them. Most notably, the Tlaxcalans rejected the typical pattern of Nahua rulership in favor of a council-based form of government that allowed voice to a broad cross-section of the polity's population. Secondly, new modes of recruitment to official positions were instituted that favored achievement over noble status. Both of these strategies also aimed at the effective incorporation of diverse ethnic groups into the governing body and society more broadly. As a result, the polity attracted large numbers of persons who had emigrated from imperial areas as political dissidents or to escape political turmoil and war. A key strategy of the Tlaxcalan state-builders was the foundation of a new capital center, located on a high ridge-line and adjacent low hills near the polity's geographical center. This settlement both symbolized the new polity, and forged a settlement system consistent with council-based rule and military defense. Prior research by this project indicates that the location chosen for the capital had no prior occupation, and that following its founding there was a flurry of construction that shaped the ridge-line zone and other city zones into a suitable setting for the new political regime. Mapping and surface collection of artifacts will confirm the chronology of the capital's foundation and subsequent rapid population growth, and will confirm preliminary findings of this project's prior work suggesting that the city-planning represented a radical departure from Nahua architectural and urban conventions. The goal of city planning was to create an open and highly connected settlement pattern interspersed with large open and highly accessible plaza features that might have served for ritual and market transactions. Lastly, mapping and surface collection of artifacts will aim to better understand to what degree there was an economic, as well as political, basis for the center's growth.
中美洲后古典时期(英语:Mesoamerican Late Postclassic Period)公元1200年至1520年)的特点是社会,文化和人口的根本转变。 世界体系中有价值商品的交换量增加,对贸易路线和原材料的竞争也增加。墨西哥中部高地成为墨西哥主要的经济和政治核心区,经济变化刺激了政治变化,因为大帝国声称控制了不断增长的经济体系。 随着阿兹特克三国同盟(阿兹特克帝国)巩固了对中央高地及更远地区的控制,帝国野心家之间的竞争终于得到了解决。 墨西哥中部政治之间的战争是这一时期最血腥和最激烈的战争之一。 虽然帝国最终能够统治,但只有一个政体,特拉斯卡拉,仍然没有被征服(这与后来的殖民历史高度相关,因为科尔特斯如果不是与自由的特拉斯卡拉结盟,就不会击败阿兹特克人)。 这个项目的目标是将联合收割机民族历史和考古数据结合起来,以更好地了解特拉斯卡拉人如何成功地抵制帝国的合并。 这个项目的研究迄今为止发现,主要是从民族历史来源,是在1300年后的时期,特拉斯卡拉人精心制作了一个新的政治制度,虽然借鉴了纳瓦政治文化的一些惯例,但在许多方面完全背离了他们。 最值得注意的是,特拉斯卡拉人拒绝了纳瓦统治的典型模式,支持以议会为基础的政府形式,允许政治人口的广泛代表发言。 第二,新的招聘模式被建立起来,这种模式更倾向于成就而不是高贵的地位。 这两项战略还旨在更广泛地将不同的族裔群体有效纳入政府机构和社会。 因此,这种政体吸引了大量的人,他们是从帝国地区作为政治异见者或为了逃避政治动荡和战争而移民的。 特拉斯卡拉国家建设者的一个关键战略是建立一个新的首都中心,位于政治地理中心附近的高山脊线和邻近的低山丘上。 这一定居点既象征着新的政体,也形成了一个与议会统治和军事防御相一致的定居体系。 该项目先前的研究表明,首都的选址没有事先的占领,在它成立后,有一系列的建设,塑造了山脊线区和其他城市地区成为一个适合新的政治制度的环境。 测绘和文物表面收集将确认首都的基础和随后的人口快速增长的年表,并将确认该项目前期工作的初步调查结果,即城市规划代表了对纳瓦建筑和城市惯例的彻底背离。 城市规划的目标是创造一个开放和高度连接的定居点模式,其中穿插着大型开放和高度可达的广场特征,这些特征可能用于仪式和市场交易。 最后,对文物进行测绘和表面收集的目的是更好地了解该中心发展的经济和政治基础。

项目成果

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Richard Blanton其他文献

Richard Blanton的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Richard Blanton', 18)}}的其他基金

Evaluating Collective Action Theory Through Cross-Cultural Analysis of Pre-Modern States
通过前现代国家的跨文化分析评估集体行动理论
  • 批准号:
    0204536
  • 财政年份:
    2002
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Rough Cilician Region Archaeological Survey
粗略奇里西亚地区考古调查
  • 批准号:
    9600617
  • 财政年份:
    1996
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Research Experience for Undergraduates Site Project: Undergraduate Research in Plant Biology
本科生研究经历现场项目:植物生物学本科生研究
  • 批准号:
    9322342
  • 财政年份:
    1994
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
The Developmental Regulation of Cellulose Synthesis in Dictyostelium discoideum
盘基网柄菌纤维素合成的发育调控
  • 批准号:
    9105737
  • 财政年份:
    1991
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Inequality and Housing Variation Among Peasants
农民之间的不平等和住房差异
  • 批准号:
    8615233
  • 财政年份:
    1987
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
1981 Nsf Postdoctoral Fellowship Program
1981 NSF博士后奖学金计划
  • 批准号:
    8166003
  • 财政年份:
    1981
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship Award
Population Transitions and Socio-Cultural Evolution
人口转变和社会文化演变
  • 批准号:
    7619640
  • 财政年份:
    1976
  • 资助金额:
    $ 11.7万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant

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