Forms of Exchange and Integrative Outcomes: Effects of History and Embeddedness

Pi：Linda D.MOLM，亚利桑那大学标题：交换的形式和综合结果：历史和嵌入的影响SES-0814317项目摘要组织学者在非常详细的民族志研究中展示了交换关系的历史和嵌入？更广泛的社会关系中的经济交换影响着交换伙伴对彼此的感觉、彼此的信任和彼此的互动。这个项目带来了严谨的实验室实验和完善的理论来处理这些复杂的交换关系。在两个实验中，大学生受试者通过计算机在小型(3人和4人)结构的网络中相互互动，这些网络提供了与替代伙伴进行重复交换的机会，以换取兑换成货币的点数。第一个实验测试了不同的关系历史(互惠和协商的交换形式的不同序列)如何影响交换伙伴之间的信任、尊重和团结的综合纽带；第二个实验测试了不同的关系背景(将一种形式的交换嵌入主要由另一种形式组成的持续关系中)如何影响这些纽带。该项目建立在一个为期十年的计划的基础上，该计划调查不同形式的交换(互惠、协商和普遍的)如何影响综合债券的发展。这项工作首次确定了相互孤立存在的交换形式之间的巨大差异；该计划的这一阶段首次研究了这两种直接交换形式的复杂、顺序和并发组合。这项工作将扩展交换的互惠理论，增加该理论和研究对自然环境下的交换的相关性，并加强交换传统和组织学者之间的理论联系。这项研究的更广泛的影响是相当大的：(1)促进本科生和研究生对研究的直接参与和教育；(2)促进不同层次的分析(微观、中观和宏观)、研究方法(实验室实验和自然环境中的人种学研究)和学科(社会学、心理学、经济学、管理学、组织、商业)的跨学科联系；以及(3)解决一个日益重要的社会问题：如何建立增强信任、社区和团结的社会组织和机构，以促进更有效和更高效的经济交流和更令人满意的社会关系。

PI: Linda D. Molm, University of ArizonaTitle: Forms of Exchange and Integrative Outcomes: Effects of History and EmbeddednessSES-0814317Project AbstractAs organizational scholars have shown in richly-detailed ethnographic studies, both the history of exchange relations and the ?embeddedness? of economic exchanges in broader social relationships affect how exchange partners feel about one another, trust one another, and interact with one another. This project brings the rigor of laboratory experimentation and a well developed theory to bear on these complex exchange relations. In two experiments, college student subjects interact with one another via computer in small (3- and 4-actor) structured networks that offer the opportunity to engage in repeated exchanges with alternative partners for points that are converted into money. The first experiment tests how different relationship histories (different sequences of reciprocal and negotiated forms of exchange) affect integrative bonds of trust, regard, and solidarity between exchange partners; the second tests how different relationship contexts (the embedding of one form of exchange within an ongoing relation consisting primarily of the other form) affect these bonds. The project builds on previous work in a decade-long program investigating how different forms of exchange (reciprocal, negotiated, and generalized) affect the development of integrative bonds. That work was the first to establish dramatic differences between forms of exchange existing in isolation from one another; this phase of the program is the first to study complex sequential and concurrent combinations of the two direct exchange forms. The work will extend the reciprocity theory of exchange, increase the relevance of the theory and research for exchanges in natural settings, and strengthen theoretical linkages between the exchange tradition and organizational scholars. The broader impacts of the research are considerable: it would (1) promote the direct participation and education of undergraduate and graduate students in research; (2) facilitate interdisciplinary connections across different levels of analysis (micro, meso, and macro), research methodologies (laboratory experiments and ethnographic research in natural settings), and disciplines (sociology, psychology, economics, management, organizations, business); and (3) address an increasingly important societal question: how to construct social organizations and institutions that enhance trust, community, and solidarity, in order to promote more effective and efficient economic exchanges and more satisfying social relationships.