Consequences of Selection by a Specialized Florivore on Chemical Defense and Attraction in Pastinaca Sativa

贸易全球化使得了解入侵物种的生物学成为当务之急。许多杂草利用毒素来抵御害虫，但在被入侵的地区，从害虫手中解放出来的植物往往会随着时间的推移而失去毒性。然而，当它们的祖先敌人通过意外或故意的引入赶上它们时，新的伤害可能会增加对化学防御的投资。由于植物也依赖化学物质来吸引传粉者，因此，逃离祖先的敌人以及随后与祖先的敌人重新相识也可能影响入侵杂草产生种子和扩大其范围的能力。这些关系将在以花为食的防风草网虫及其寄主植物野生防风草中进行检验。虽然原产于欧洲，但这种相互作用在北美和自2004年以来在新西兰都是侵入性的。最近对新西兰的入侵提供了一个非凡的机会来记录入侵杂草与适应专家重新联系的进化反应。方法方法包括：相互移植实验、植物化学分析和定量选择分析，以测量草食对植物化学物质的影响，这些植物化学物质参与传粉者和蛛网虫的吸引。这项工作的更广泛影响包括提供跨学科的研究生培训，以确保21世纪的科学竞争力，为初中/高中数学/科学教师提供专业发展项目，科普出版物，公开讲座，用户友好的网站和面向公众的书籍。研究结果对入侵物种管理、生物多样性保护和生态恢复具有重要的指导意义。

Globalization of trade has made understanding the biology of invasive species a high priority. Many weeds utilize toxins to fend off consumers, but in areas of invasion plants freed from their insect enemies often lose toxicity over time. When their ancestral enemies catch up with them through accidental or deliberate introduction, however, renewed damage may bring about increased investment in chemical defense. Because plants also rely on chemicals to attract pollinators, escape from and subsequent reacquaintance with ancestral enemies may also influence the ability of invasive weeds to produce seed and expand their range. These relationships will be examined in the flower-feeding parsnip webworm and its hostplant wild parsnip. Although native to Europe, this interaction is invasive in North America and, since 2004, in New Zealand. The recent invasion of New Zealand provides an extraordinary opportunity to document evolutionary responses in an invasive weed to re-association with an adapted specialist. Methodological approaches include reciprocal transplant experiments, phytochemical analyses, and quantitative selection analysis to measure impacts of herbivory on phytochemicals involved in pollinator and webworm attraction.Broader impacts of this work include providing interdisciplinary graduate training to insure 21st century scientific competitiveness and providing professional development projects for middle/high school math/science teachers, popular science publications, public lectures, a user-friendly website, and a book for the general public. This work can also contribute to designing programs for invasive species management, biodiversity conservation, and restoration ecology.