Collaborative Research: A Multi-Method Approach to Stigma and Status Processes

协作研究：耻辱和地位过程的多方法方法

• 批准号: 0819240
• 负责人: Jeffrey Lucas
• 金额: $ 15.48万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland, College Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-06-01 至 2013-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0819240&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Multi; Method; Approach

Status and stigma are fundamental factors that influence the ways that individuals organize themselves in social groups. Status is a social process whereby persons in groups locate themselves and others in hierarchies of influence and prestige. Stigma is a process whereby members of social groups identify certain attributes as discrediting, subjecting those who possess them to social rejection and exclusion. Research on status processes in groups has identified a number of attributes that act as status markers, including gender, race, age, and education. Research on stigma processes has also identified a number of attributes that are stigmatizing, including mental illness and physical disability. The research literatures on stigma and status have both proliferated in recent decades, but they have operated more or less independently. Mental illness and physical disability, for example, are absent from research on status processes in groups. Research on stigma, in turn, does not typically attend to status-related outcomes such as influence and performance evaluations. The investigators will carry out three studies that address areas of convergence and departure between status and stigma processes in groups.The first study is an experiment to be completed at the University of Maryland to investigate responses to an attribute identified in prior research as a status marker (educational attainment), attributes identified as stigmatizing (various categories of mental illness), and an attribute identified in research as both a marker of status and stigma (race) in order to determine ways in which reactions to the attributes overlap and diverge. The second project, to be completed at Columbia University, is a study of implicit attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Unlike self-report measures of attitudes that require the attention and control of individuals, the expression of implicit attitudes is spontaneous and unintentional. The major advantage of implicit measures is that they have the capacity to overcome social desirability biases that are common in other types of attitude measures. The third project is an audit study to test for status- and stigma-related outcomes of mental illness in employment decisions. The study involves sending job applications to employment listings, varying whether the applications specify a history of mental illness.By employing multiple methodological approaches as well as variables and measures that represent both traditions, the three studies have the potential to significantly push forward the independent research literatures on both status and stigma processes in groups. The studies also have the capacity to inform intervention programs designed to reduce the stigma of mental illness. Although there have been several recent calls for interventions to reduce the stigma of mental illness, most of these interventions have not included a research component. Because the interventions with the highest likelihood of success will be grounded in basic research, and because poorly grounded interventions may result in wasted resources and pessimism about our ability to reduce stigma, the proposed studies represent an important complement to more applied approaches to eradicate the stigma of mental illness.

地位和耻辱是影响个人在社会群体中组织方式的基本因素。地位是一种社会过程，群体中的人借此将自己和他人置于影响力和声望的等级中。污名化是一个过程，社会群体的成员将某些特征认定为有损名誉，使拥有这些特征的人遭受社会排斥和排斥。对群体中地位过程的研究已经确定了一些作为地位标志的属性，包括性别、种族、年龄和教育。关于污名化进程的研究也查明了一些造成污名化的因素，包括精神疾病和身体残疾。近几十年来，关于污名和地位的研究文献不断增多，但它们或多或少是独立运作的。例如，精神疾病和身体残疾就没有出现在群体地位过程的研究中。反过来，关于成见的研究通常不涉及与地位有关的结果，如影响力和业绩评价。研究人员将进行三项研究，以解决群体中地位和耻辱过程之间的趋同和偏离领域。第一项研究是在马里兰州大学完成的一项实验，旨在调查对先前研究中确定为地位标记的属性的反应（教育程度），被确定为污名化的属性（各种类型的精神疾病），以及在研究中被确定为地位和耻辱（种族）标志的属性，以确定对属性的反应重叠和分歧的方式。第二个项目将在哥伦比亚大学完成，是一项关于对精神疾病患者的内隐态度的研究。不像自我报告的态度措施，需要注意和控制的个人，内隐态度的表达是自发的和无意的。内隐测量的主要优点是，它们有能力克服其他类型的态度测量中常见的社会期望偏差。第三个项目是一项审计研究，以测试就业决定中与精神疾病有关的地位和耻辱后果。本研究涉及将工作申请发送到就业列表，不同的应用程序是否指定了精神疾病的历史。通过采用多种方法以及代表两种传统的变量和措施，这三项研究有可能显着推动独立的研究文献在群体中的地位和污名过程。这些研究也有能力为旨在减少精神疾病耻辱感的干预计划提供信息。虽然最近有几个呼吁采取干预措施，以减少精神疾病的耻辱，这些干预措施大多没有包括一个研究的组成部分。由于最有可能成功的干预措施将以基础研究为基础，而且基础不佳的干预措施可能导致资源浪费和对我们减少耻辱感的能力的悲观情绪，因此拟议的研究是对消除精神疾病耻辱感的更实用方法的重要补充。