NSEC: CENTER FOR PROBING THE NANOSCALE

纳米尺度探测中心（CPN）有五个最重要的目标：1。开发新型探针，极大地提高我们观察、操纵和控制纳米级物体和现象的能力。对下一代科学家和工程师进行有关这些探测器的理论和实践的教育。运用这些新颖的探针来回答基本问题，并阐明与技术相关的问题。传播知识和转让技术，使其他从事研究的科学家和工程师能够利用这些进步，使公司能够生产和销售新的探针。通过在暑期学院培训老师来激励成千上万的中学生。CPN包括13名核心教员级研究员（包括3名IBM研究员，同时也是斯坦福大学的咨询教授），28名附属教员和数十名学生和博士后，分别来自8个学术部门：应用物理、艺术和艺术史、电子工程、化学、材料科学与工程、机械工程和物理。该中心的研究主要集中在五个主题组：等离子体扫描隧道显微镜。等离子体扫描隧道显微镜将进行空间定位的电子和光学联合成像和光谱。关键目标是将高分辨率扫描隧道显微镜和光谱学中固有的精致空间分辨率与光学通道产生的材料高频激发的详细信息相结合。纳米级电成像。光刻图型结构，如晶体管，现在通常具有在纳米到几十纳米尺度上变化的电子特性。目标是开发和应用一套技术来测量10纳米尺度下材料的介电常数、电导率和载流子密度等电子特性，并对样品表面深处的变化具有灵敏度。个体纳米磁体表征。磁性纳米颗粒的体积、形状和结构导致了许多目前和拟议中的生物和医学应用。本主题将开发和推进各种具有空间分辨率和磁灵敏度的纳米探针，以检测和表征纳米生物技术应用中的单个纳米磁体。最近由CPN赞助的研究证明，磁共振力显微镜（MRFM）可以实现空间分辨率低于10纳米的三维成像。第二个五年的研究将集中在将MRFM分辨率扩展到1纳米以下，或者比目前的能力大约提高一个数量级。如果亚纳米可以实现，那么MRFM呢？它具有真正的3D成像能力，缺乏辐射损伤和元素特异性对比度，这使它成为结构生物学家的有力工具。生物探针：纳米级悬臂。BioProbes主题的目的是测量细胞膜上的力，机械刚度，静电和生物过程的顺序。我们的主题将采用独特的水溶液悬臂设计，基于最近发明的扭转和双悬臂AFM悬臂，具有极高的力灵敏度和kHz采样频率，非常适合生物样品。纳米探针可以说是所有致力于实现纳米技术巨大潜力的科学家和工程师的使能技术。CPN的研究和推广活动结合起来，对科学、技术和教育产生了广泛的影响。这些项目涵盖研究生教育、K-12教师发展、学术课程、科学家伦理和公众科学素养。CPN的智力贡献通过出版物、在线资源、会议、讲习班和研究所广泛传播。以下活动构成了教育和推广计划：研究生和博士后奖学金。研究学生学习纳米技术和精密测量技术以及各自领域的基础知识。CPN研究员积极参与中心的活动和推广活动。跨学科中心为学生提供比传统研究生学习更广泛、更深入的教育。CPN奖奖学金计划。CPN研究生奖奖学金是根据导师推荐和学生书面提案竞争性授予的，并为研究生提供全额津贴，以启动一项新的纳米探针研究项目。暑期中学教师研修班。中学教师参加为期一周的密集课程，内容讲座，实践活动和课程开发练习。教师们运用他们的新知识创建纳米科学课程，供参与者在学年期间共享，并将通过研讨会和在线教育资源进行编辑，以便更广泛地传播。CPN纳米探针年度研讨会。一年一度的研讨会为学术界和工业界的科学家提供了一个绝佳的机会来交流知识和思想，开阔学生的视野。工业联盟计划。CPN工业联盟计划在CPN研究人员和对纳米探针开发有战略兴趣的公司之间建立伙伴关系。合作。与当地机构的合作极大地提高了项目的影响力和多样性，例如暑期中学教师学院。SRI国际和探索博物馆等合作伙伴提供课程和最佳教学实践，而与国家西班牙裔大学和拉丁裔大学预科学院（LCPA）的合作使该中心能够吸引不同群体的服务不足的学生和教师。课程。探测纳米尺度（AP275）是扫描探针的研究生调查，借鉴了CPN调查员的专业知识。讲座视频作为一种丰富的信息来源在网上公开提供，全世界的人们都可以访问。理工科学生职业道德研讨会。“理工科研究生职业道德研讨会”报名人数过多，与会者评价甚好。在续展期间，每年举办一次。

The Center for Probing the Nanoscale (CPN) addresses five overriding goals:1.To develop novel probes that dramatically improve our capability to observe, manipulate, and control nanoscale objects and phenomena.2.To educate the next generation of scientists and engineers regarding the theory and practice of these probes.3. To apply these novel probes to answer fundamental questions and to shed light on technologically relevant issues.4. To disseminate knowledge and to transfer technology so that other research scientists and engineers can make use of the advances, and so that corporations can manufacture and market the new novel probes.5. To inspire thousands of middle school students by training their teachers at a Summer Institute.The CPN includes thirteen core faculty-level Investigators (including three IBM Investigators who also serve as Consulting Professors at Stanford), twenty-eight affiliated faculty members and dozens of students and postdocs in eight academic departments: Applied Physics, Art and Art History, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Physics.Research at the Center is focused on five Theme Groups: Plasmonic Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. The plasmonic scanning tunneling microscope will perform spatially localized combined electronic and optical imaging and spectroscopy. The pivotal goal is to combine the exquisite spatial resolution inherent in high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy with the detailed information on high-frequency excitations of materials yielded by optical channels. Nanoscale Electrical Imaging. Lithographically-patterned structures such as transistors now commonly have electronic properties that vary on scales of nanometers to tens of nanometers. The goal is to develop and apply a suite of techniques to measure electronic properties such as dielectric constant, conductivity, and carrier density of materials at the 10 nm scale, with sensitivity to variations deep beneath a sample surface.Individual Nanomagnet Characterization. The volume, shape, and structure of magnetic nanoparticles lead to a number of present and proposed applications in biology and medicine. This theme will develop and advance a variety of nanoprobes with the spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity to detect and characterize individual nanomagnets for nanobiotechnology applicationsNanoscale Magnetic Resonance. Recent work sponsored by CPN has proven that magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) can achieve three dimensional imaging with spatial resolution below 10 nm. Research in the second five years will focus on extending MRFM resolution to below 1 nm - or roughly an order of magnitude improvement over today's capability. If sub-nanometer can be achieved, then MRFM?s true 3D imaging capability, lack of radiation damage and elementally specific contrast could make it a powerful tool for structural biologists.BioProbes: Nanoscale Cantilevers. The objective of the BioProbes theme is to measure the forces, mechanical stiffness, electrostatics, and sequence of biological processes on cell membranes. Our theme will adapt unique cantilever designs for aqueous solution, based on recently invented torsional and dual-cantilever AFM cantilevers that have extremely high force sensitivity together with kHz sampling frequencies, ideal for biological samples.Nanoprobes are arguably the enabling technology for all of the scientists and engineers working to realize the vast potential of nanotechnology. CPN research and outreach activities combine to broadly impact science, technology and education. The programs span graduate education, K-12 teacher development, academic courses, ethics for scientists and public scientific literacy. CPN intellectual contributions are widely disseminated through publications, on-line resources, conferences, workshops, and institutes. The following activities constitute the educational and outreach programs:Graduate and Postdoctoral Fellowships. Research students learn nanotechnology and precision measurement techniques as well as the fundamentals of their field. CPN Fellows are strongly engaged in Center events and outreach. The interdisciplinary Center provides a broader and deeper education for students than traditional graduate study.CPN Prize Fellowships Program. CPN Graduate Prize Fellowships are competitively awarded on the basis of advisor recommendations and student-written proposals, and provide graduate students with a full stipend to initiate a novel nanoprobe research project. Summer Institute for Middle School Teachers (SIMST). Middle school teachers participate in an intensive week-long program of content lectures, hands-on activities and curriculum development exercises. Teachers apply their new knowledge to create nanoscience lessons that are shared among participants for use during the school year and will be compiled for broader dissemination through workshops and online education resources. CPN Annual Nanoprobe Workshop. The Annual Workshop provides an excellent opportunity for academic and industrial scientists to exchange knowledge and ideas and to broaden the horizons of the students. Industrial Affiliates Program. The CPN Industrial Affiliates Program builds partnerships between CPN researchers and companies that have a strategic interest in nanoprobe development. Collaborations. Collaborations with local institutions greatly enhance the impact and diversity of programs such as the Summer Institute for Middle School Teachers. Partners such as SRI International and the Exploratorium contribute curriculum and teaching best-practices, while collaborations with the National Hispanic University and the Latino College Preparatory Academy (LCPA) allow the Center to engage a diverse group of under-served students and teachers. Curriculum. Probing the Nanoscale (AP275) is a graduate survey of scanning probes that draws on the expertise of CPN Investigators. Lecture videos are publicly available online as a rich source of information that has been accessed by people throughout the world. Workshop on Professional Ethics for Students in Science and Engineering. A Workshop on Professional Ethics for Graduate Students in Science and Engineering was over-enrolled and reviewed very positively by the participants. This workshop will be offered annually during the renewal period.