Quantifying The Resilience of Industry Innovation Ecosystems: The Impact of Manufacturing Offshore on Firm Technology Trajectories and the Institutional Locus of Innovation

今天的政府政策针对的是企业，而不是企业生态系统。 鉴于过去20年来公司活动日益分散，这些公司的技术相互依赖性日益增强，这种决策模式可能已经过时。 本研究利用融合电信和计算行业的自然实验，研究删除一组关键的创新公司对创新生态系统的影响。根据研究结果，研究人员试图定义创新生态系统的特征，这些特征可以为未来的冲击提供弹性。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但学术界、工业界或政策界对企业活动离岸转移对美国创新的影响几乎没有达成一致。研究表明，将制造业转移到海外会改变技术开发的激励机制。 具体来说，她的研究结果表明，当美国公司将生产从美国转移到东亚发展中国家时，在美国开发的最先进技术不再有价值。 国外的生产特点不同，早期技术在发展中国家的环境中可能更具成本效益。 在这些结果的基础上，本项目旨在了解制造离岸对（1）将制造离岸的公司的创新活动，以及（2）美国相同或其他机构内先进技术的持续进步的影响。结果表明，将制造业转移到海外的公司是否遵循与仍在美国制造的公司不同的技术轨迹。在研究的第二部分的情况下，研究结果揭示了在研究生态系统的情况下，制造业离岸转移是否改变了创新的体制轨迹。更广泛的影响：近年来，人们越来越担心美国在全球经济中保持竞争力的能力。了解创新生态系统如何对一系列创新公司将活动转移到海外做出反应，对于重新定义美国科学和创新政策以及提高此类系统的弹性至关重要。这项研究的结果揭示了机构位置的重要性-小型与大型公司，大学或政府实验室-对创新的数量和方向。 利用这些结果，该项目描述了创新生态系统的关键指标，这些指标可能有助于它们抵御冲击，例如大量创新公司将制造业转移到海外。 可包括这样的单位之间的耦合强度制造业的位置和创新的产出，制度的流动性，企业大学专利出版物的相互依赖性，以及其他指标，从研究的结果出现。 这些指标可以立即被政策制定者用来评估生态系统的弹性，并将使学术界能够在未来的工作中建立他们的特点行业生态系统。最后，研究的特定技术-光电子学-对通信，计算和传感的发展至关重要。 了解继续光电子技术发展的政策杠杆可能对美国经济和军事领导地位至关重要。

Government policy today targets firms rather than firm ecosystems. Given the increased fragmentation of firm activities and increased technological interdependency of these firms over the past 20 years, this mode of policy-making may be outdated. This research leverages a natural experiment in the converging telecommunications and computing industry to examine the impact on the innovation ecosystem of removing a critical set of innovating firms. Drawing on the results, the researchers seek to define characteristics of innovation ecosystems that could provide resiliency against future shocks.Despite extensive study, there is little agreement within the academic, industrial, or policy communities on the impact of moving firm activities offshore on innovation back in the U.S. Previous work by the P.I. has shown that moving manufacturing offshore changes technology development incentives. Specifically, her results show that when U.S. firms shift production from the U.S. to developing East Asia, the most advanced technologies that were developed in the U.S. no longer pay. Production characteristics are different abroad, and earlier technologies can be more cost-effective in developing country environment. Building on these results, this project seeks to understand the impact of manufacturing offshore on (1) the innovative activities of the firms that moved manufacturing offshore, and (2) the continued advance of the advanced technologies within the same or other institutions in the U.S. In the case of the first part of the study, the results demonstrate whether firms which relocated manufacturing offshore are following a different technology trajectory from those firms still manufacturing in the U.S. In the case of the second part of the study, the results shed insight into whether the relocation of manufacturing offshore has, in the case of the ecosystem of study, shifted the institutional locus of innovation. Broader Impact: In recent years, there has been rising concern over the ability of the U.S. to remain competitive in the global economy. Understanding how innovation ecosystems react to a set of innovating firms moving activities offshore is critical to redefining U.S. science and innovation policy and to improving the resiliency of such systems. The results of this study shed insights into the significance of institutional location -- small versus large firms, universities, or government labs -- on the quantity and direction of innovation. Leveraging these results, the project characterizes critical metrics of innovation ecosystems that may aid in their resiliency against shocks such as a large set of innovating firms moving manufacturing offshore. Metrics may include such units as coupling intensity between manufacturing location and innovative output, institutional fluidity, firm-university patent-publication interdependency, and other metrics that emerge from the result of the study. These metrics can be used immediately by policy-makers to assess ecosystem resiliency, and will enable academics to build on them in future work characterizing industry ecosystems. Finally, the particular technology of study -- optoelectronics -- is critical to advance in communications, computing, and sensing. Understanding the policy levers to continue technology development in optoelectronics may be essential to U.S. economic and military leadership.