NEESR II: Mitigating the Risk of Coastal Infrastructure through understanding Tsunami-Structure Interaction and Modeling

该奖项是NSF 08-519项目招标“小乔治·e·布朗地震工程模拟（NEES）研究网络（NEESR）”竞赛的结果，包括俄勒冈州立大学（牵头机构）、科罗拉多州立大学（次级奖项）和德克萨斯州农工大学金斯维尔分校（次级奖项）。美国目前的海啸疏散策略将大量人口置于高风险之中，因为它要求每个人撤离被洪水淹没的地区，而没有考虑使用高层建筑作为避难所的可能性。不愿意采用垂直疏散策略的部分原因是无法估计洪水地区一系列建筑类型的破坏程度，包括钢筋混凝土（如现代酒店）、非钢筋混凝土砌体（如旧汽车旅馆、轻型商业建筑）和轻框架木结构（主要是住宅和一些轻型商业建筑）。本课题的目的是通过研究洪涝地区倒塌建筑物的水流和碎片危险性来模拟建筑物的破坏。这将有助于我们了解城市和城镇的预期损失，并设计出能够承受这些力量的建筑。作为这种新方法的第一步，我们将把重点放在住宅（轻框架木结构）建筑上，这些建筑占美国建筑总量的90%，人们一天中大约有一半的时间在这里度过。由于这些沿海社区的住宅建筑数量众多，了解海啸对这些结构的影响以及预期的破坏程度对于减少破坏和生命损失是必要的。该NEESR-II项目的目标是：(1)通过系统的实验研究和失效概率数值分析，开发一种方法来评估住宅结构遭受海啸淹没和波浪力的风险；(2)通过制定海啸期间液压冲击/力的结构测试协议，促进创新改造产品的开发；(3)基于一系列波盆试验，对ASCE 7现行水力方程进行细化，考虑建筑密度等变量。这一变革性项目建立在区域尺度的海啸淹没知识基础上，以及其他NEESR项目在建筑尺度上对海啸结构的理解。该项目还整合了新的大规模物理模拟和数值模拟工作，以减轻社区海啸淹没事件中建筑物损坏和生命损失的结构性风险。为了实现项目目标，将在三年内在俄勒冈州立大学的NEES海啸设施中使用大波水槽和海啸波盆地设施进行几次大规模测试。这些测试将标志着首次对美国住宅结构进行大规模海啸测试。该项目与港口和机场研究所（PARI）合作，该研究所是日本主要的沿海基础设施研究中心。目前，PARI的海啸和风暴潮部门正在开发一系列嵌套数值模型，这些模型可以模拟大范围空间尺度上的海啸传播和淹没，包括海啸对建筑物的作用力。该项目将具有重要的教育意义，每年将培养两名研究生，一名在俄勒冈州立大学，另一名在科罗拉多州立大学，以及一名来自少数族裔服务机构——德州农工大学金斯维尔分校的本科生。这项研究将渗透到OSU， CSU和TAMU-Kingsville的基础本科和研究生工程课程中，以提高对工程师的认识。建筑师在房屋和建筑的设计中所扮演的角色和承担的责任。该项目的外联方面也将侧重于利用技术，通过一个与海啸结构相互作用有关的动手设计项目，为NEES@OSU网站以外的大学一年级工程专业学生提供学习机会。除了这个活动，整个项目将通过与两个全国知名的科学和工业博物馆的合作，一个在波特兰，俄勒冈州，另一个在芝加哥，伊利诺斯州。项目团队将帮助芝加哥博物馆为科学风暴开发海啸内容，这是一个高知名度的展览，在博物馆举办，每年欢迎超过150万游客，学生，家长和老师。该团队将与俄勒冈博物馆合作，向公众宣传工程研究的重要性。该项目还支持一名科学教师利用技术加强STEM学科的学习。该项目的数据将通过NEES数据存储库（http://www.nees.org）提供。

This award is an outcome of the NSF 08-519 program solicitation ''George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Research (NEESR)'' competition and includes the Oregon State University (lead institution), Colorado State University (subaward), and Texas A&M University, Kingsville (subaward).The current tsunami evacuation strategy in the U.S. puts large populations at high risk because it requires everyone to evacuate the flooded areas and does not consider the possibility of using tall buildings for shelter. Part of the unwillingness to adopt vertical evacuation strategies stems from an inability to estimate the damage level in the flooded area for a range of building types, including reinforced concrete (e.g., modern hotel), unreinforced concrete masonry units (e.g., older motel, light commercial) and light-frame wood (mostly residential and some light commercial) structures. The goal of this project is to model building damage by studying water flow and debris hazard of collapsed buildings in the flooded areas. This will help us understand the expected damage to cities and town and to design buildings to withstand these forces. As a first step of this new approach, we will focus on residential (light-frame wood) buildings which make up 90% of the building stock in the US and are where people spend approximately half of the hours in their day, Because of the sheer number of residential buildings in these coastal communities, understanding tsunami impact on these structures and the expected damage level is necessary to reduce damage and loss of life. The goals of this NEESR-II project are to (1) develop a methodology to assess the risk of residential structures to tsunami inundation and wave forces through a systematic experimental study coupled with a numerical probability of failure analysis; (2) enable the development of innovative retrofit products by developing a structural testing protocol that is representative of hydraulic impact/forces during a tsunami; and (3) refine the current hydraulic force equation in ASCE 7 based on a series of wave basin tests to account for building density and other variables. This transformative project builds on the knowledge base of tsunami inundation at regional scales and the tsunami-structure understanding at the building scale from other NEESR projects. This project also integrates new large-scale physical modeling and numerical modeling efforts to mitigate both structural risk to building damage and loss of life in a community-wide tsunami inundation event. To accomplish the project objectives, several large-scale tests will be conducted over three years at the NEES Tsunami Facility at Oregon State University using both the Large Wave Flume and Tsunami Wave Basin Facilities. The tests will mark the first time that large-scale tsunami tests will be conducted for US residential structures.This project develops a collaboration with the Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI), Japan's premier research center for coastal infrastructure. Currently, the Tsunami and Storm Surge Division of PARI is developing a series of nested numerical models that can model tsunami propagation and inundation over a wide range of spatial scale, including tsunami forces on buildings. This project will have an important educational aspect by training two graduate students, one at Oregon State and the other at Colorado State, and one undergraduate research student per year from Texas A&M University-Kingsville, a minority serving institution. This research will permeate to basic undergraduate and graduate engineering courses at OSU, CSU, and TAMU-Kingsville to increase awareness of the engineer?s role and responsibility in the design of houses and buildings exposed to the forces of nature.Outreach aspects of this project will also focus on the use of technology to enhance learning via a hands-on design project related to tsunami-structure interaction for first year engineering students at universities outside the NEES@OSU site. In addition to this activity, the project as a whole will reach the general public through collaborations with two nationally known Museums of Science and Industry: one in Portland, OR, and the other in Chicago, IL. The project team will help the Chicago museum develop tsunami content for Science Storms, a high-visibility, marquee exhibit at the Museum, which welcomes over 1.5 million visitors, students, parents and teachers each year. The team will work with the Oregon museum on communicating the importance of engineering research to the general public. The project also supports one science teacher on the use of technology to enhance the learning of STEM subjects.Data from this project will be made available through the NEES data repository (http://www.nees.org)