Collaborative Research: Conservation Laws, Simple Waves and Mixing in Stratified Fluids

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111-5）资助的。大气和海洋在密度上是分层的，背景流经常被剪切。密度的变化使得内波--流体内部的波--而不是在其表面上传播。这些波在传播时会变形和破裂，当它们这样做时，它们会混合不同密度的流体，改变它们传播的介质。一种竞争效应是剪切不稳定性引起的混合。该项目将开发一种数学方法，用于研究完全非线性剪切分层流的演变，目的是了解和模拟导致流体混合的动力学。波和剪切产生的混合将在有限和无限多守恒律系统的理论工具来解决。我们将计算和研究精确的非线性解决方案，打破-特别是简单的波的系统，一般标准的非线性稳定性的系统的混合型，和统计描述的不完整的系统，基于粗-颗粒混合熵。这项研究关注的是波的传播和大气和海洋流动中的剪切动力学，以及这些现象如何将流体混合在一起。他们存在的。地球物理流的混合是气候动力学的一个重要组成部分。例如，海洋沃茨的混合速度决定了表面的温度，而表面的温度直接与大气相通，影响着我们的天气和气候。另一方面，化学品、二氧化碳和水在大气中的扩散和混合对辐射平衡产生深远影响，从而导致对气候变化的预测。 波也是大气遥相关的一个元素：它们可以产生长距离的影响，因为它们可以在长距离上携带能量，而不会传输流体本身。由于波和混合过程发生的长度尺度太小和太快，无法与行星尺度流动一起计算，因此现在使用简单的标准用少量的聚合参数（参数化）表示。更好地理解动力学和混合过程将改善这些参数化和使用它们的气候模型的可靠性。

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).The atmosphere and the ocean are stratified in the density and background flows are often sheared. The variation of density enables the propagation of internal waves - waves in the interior of the fluid - not on its surface. These waves, as they propagate, can deform and break and, when they do, they mix fluid of different densities, changing the medium in which they propagate. A competing effect is mixing engendered by shear instabilities. This project will develop a mathematical methodology for the study of the evolution of fully nonlinear sheared, stratified flows, with the goal to understand and model the dynamics leading to fluid mixing. The wave and shear-generated mixing will be addressed with tools in the theory of systems of finite and infinitely many conservation laws. We shall calculate and study exact nonlinear solutions that break - especially simple waves of the system, general criteria for the nonlinear stability of systems of mixed type, and the statistical description of incomplete systems, based on the maximization of a coarse-grained mixing entropy.This research is concerned with the propagation of waves and the dynamics of shear in atmospheric and oceanic flows and how these phenomena mix the fluid in which they exist. Mixing in geophysical flows is a crucial component of climate dynamics. The rate of mixing of ocean waters, for instance, determines the temperature at the surface, which communicates directly with the atmosphere, affecting our weather and climate. The dispersion and mixing of chemicals, carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere, on the other hand, has a profound effect on the radiative balance leading to predictions for climate change. Waves are also an element of atmospheric teleconnection: they can have long range effects since they carry energy over long distances without transporting the fluid itself. Since the length scales in which the waves and the mixing processes occur are too small and fast to be computed together with planetary scale flows, they are nowadays represented by a low number of aggregate parameters (parameterized) using simple criteria. A better understanding of the dynamics and mixing processes will improve these parameterizations and the reliability of the climate models that use them.