The Organization of Middle Sedentary Period Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Gila River Valley, Arizona

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，Sunday Eiselt博士和Andrew Darling博士将在亚利桑那州中部凤凰城以南的吉拉河谷中部进行一项为期三年的霍霍坎陶瓷生产研究。在这座城市建立的几百年前，印第安人就已经掌握了水管理的艺术，用数千英里的手工挖掘的运河灌溉着沙漠。这些居民被考古学家称为霍霍坎人，他们的后裔是今天居住在该地区的O'odham（皮马人）。霍霍坎地区体系在公元1000年至1070年的定居时期达到了顶峰，当时它的面积约为8万平方公里。索诺兰沙漠的一公里。吉拉河中游的陶器专家为这个庞大的系统提供了数千艘器皿，以换取周围部落的农产品。这种大规模的工艺生产通常与复杂的社会、行会和大规模生产技术有关。然而，霍霍坎人是相对平等的，既没有城市，也没有广泛的劳动分工，也没有明显的社会分层。那么，在没有更复杂的社会系统的情况下，霍霍坎定居时期的生产是如何组织起来创造更大的规模经济的呢？当前研究的目的是检验与这个问题相关的两个相互竞争的假设。第一种观点认为，多个社区独立行动，生产陶瓷。更多的社区被纳入了这个体系，但陶器制造业分散在多个村庄，这些村庄直接向外部消费者交易他们的产品。第二种观点认为，陶瓷制造业高度集中在一个或几个村庄，这些村庄的原材料由其他村庄供应。这两种假设都可以解释高水平的陶瓷产量，但后者意味着更高水平的村庄间协调，以牺牲新兴的定居等级为代价，创造更大的规模经济。将通过对原材料和陶瓷制品的地球化学和岩石学检查来检验相互竞争的假设，以确定Hohokam如何取得如此巨大的经济和生产成功。这项研究的智力价值在于有机会探索像Hohokam这样的中等社会中工艺生产和经济集约化的关系。这项研究将提供关键信息，说明提高生产效率是否先于（而不是随后）更复杂的政治发展。工作将在他们的文化资源管理计划的监督下，在吉拉河印第安社区保留区进行。吉拉河印第安人社区和南卫理公会大学之间的合作扩大了代表性不足的群体在考古领域的参与，同时加强了研究和教育的基础设施。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Sunday Eiselt and Dr. Andrew Darling will undertake a three year study of Hohokam ceramic production along the middle Gila River Valley just south of metropolitan Phoenix in central Arizona. Hundreds of years before the establishment of this city Native Americans had already mastered the art of water management, irrigating the desert with thousands of miles of hand-dug canals. These inhabitants are known by archaeologists as the Hohokam and their descendants are the O'odham (Pima) who occupy the region today. The Hohokam regional system reached its apogee during the middle Sedentary Period from A.D. 1000-1070 when it spanned some 80,000 sq. km of the Sonoran Desert. Pottery specialists along the middle Gila River supplied this large system with thousands of vessels in return for agricultural products from surrounding groups. Such large-scale craft production is typically associated with complex societies, with guilds and mass production techniques. Yet, the Hohokam were relatively egalitarian, with neither cities, nor an extensive division of labor, nor marked social stratification. How, then, in the absence of more complex social systems, was production among the Sedentary Period Hohokam organized to create greater economies of scale? The goal of the current study is to test two competing hypotheses related to this question. The first proposes that multiple communities acted independently to produce ceramics. More communities were brought into the system, but pottery manufacture was dispersed among multiple villages that traded their products directly to outside consumers. The second proposes that ceramic manufacturing was highly concentrated in one or a few villages that were supplied with raw materials by other villages. Both hypotheses may account for high levels of ceramic yield, but the latter implies a greater level of inter-village coordination to create greater economies of scale at the expense of emerging settlement hierarchies. The competing hypotheses will be tested through geochemical and petrographic examination of raw materials and ceramic artifacts in order to determine how the Hohokam achieved such great economic and production success. The intellectual merit of this research rests on the opportunity to explore the relationships of craft production and economic intensification in middle range societies like the Hohokam. The study will provide critical information on whether enhanced production efficiency precedes (rather than follows from) more complex political developments. Work will take place on the Gila River Indian Community Reservation under the oversight of their Cultural Resource Management Program. Collaboration between the Gila River Indian Community and Southern Methodist University broadens the participation of underrepresented groups in archaeology while enhancing the infrastructure for research and education.