Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Emergence of Complex Society in the Peruvian South Central Highlands: Perspectives on the Frontier of the Chavin Sphere of Interaction

博士论文改进补助金：秘鲁中南部高地复杂社会的出现：查文互动领域前沿的视角

• 批准号: 0950796
• 负责人: Richard Burger
• 金额: $ 2万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-11-15 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0950796&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Emergence

Under the direction of Dr. Richard Burger Mr. Yuichi Matsumoto will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will analyze archaeological materials from the site of Campanayuq Rumi in Vilcashuaman, Department of Ayacucho, Peru. Mr. Matsumoto conducted archaeological excavations at the site for two field seasons from 2007 to 2008. These excavations revealed that Campanayuq Rumi was one of the most important ceremonial centers in the central highlands of Peru during the Formative Period (1800-200 B.C.). Preliminary analysis of the materials obtained from his research suggests that Campanayuq Rumi functioned as a large ceremonial center under the strong religious influence of Chavín de Huántar, the most important ceremonial and pilgrimage center of the period, located 600km to the North. It also served as an important node of interregional interaction. It has been hypothesized that the central Andes witnessed the emergence of complex societies under the impetus of an expansion of religious ideology from Chavín de Huántar during the late Initial and Early Horizon Periods. While large ceremonial centers and social stratification emerged during this period along the coast and northern highlands, the south central highlands had been regarded as a "backwater" because of the lack of large civic-ceremonial centers. However Mr. Matsumoto's research at Campanayuq Rumi suggests the need to radically alter this position. The new evidence indicates that Campanayuq Rumi probably emerged as the focus of the first complex society of the region through the interaction with the more complex society of Chavín de Huántar and that it collapsed in accordance with the latter's decline. Emergence and transformation of complex societies remains as an important theoretical topic of anthropology and archaeology. Campanayuq Rumi provides an excellent setting to evaluate this process at a regional level and thus this project will help to consider the following broad theoretical issues: 1) How and why did a relatively egalitarian society based on corporate social groups develop complex hierarchical social arrangements by directly interacting with a distant more complex society? 2) How did the new complex system transform through time? 3) How did the interaction between these societies change diachronically? Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating of the organic samples will provide a fine-grained chronological framework to consider these issues diachronically. X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian artifacts will help to enhance understanding of long distance exchange patterns during the Formative, which is necessary to understand interregional interaction.Beyond research questions of interest to archaeologists and anthropologists, this project will also contribute to local community identity by sharing the information of Campanayuq Rumi with them. The site has become crucial to the identity of local people in Vilcashuaman. Several educational institutions now visit the site to teach how the history of Vilcashuaman was deeper than the textbooks report. Because of the public attention paid to Campanayuq Rumi as a result of this research, the regional government of Ayacucho is trying to utilize Campanayuq Rumi as a tourist attraction to provide an economic benefit to the region. The new data from this project will help the plan by providing a strong academic foundation for these activities. Furthermore, Mr. Matsumoto will gain training as a graduate student in the method of analysis mentioned above.

在Richard Burger博士的指导下，松本雄一先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将分析来自秘鲁阿亚库乔省Vilcashuaman的Campanayuq Rumi遗址的考古材料。松本先生在2007年至2008年的两个田野季节对该遗址进行了考古发掘。这些挖掘表明，坎帕纳约克鲁米是形成时期（公元前1800-200年）秘鲁中部高地最重要的仪式中心之一。从他的研究中获得的材料的初步分析表明，Campanayuq Rumi在Chavín de Huántar的强烈宗教影响下，是当时最重要的仪式和朝圣中心，位于北部600公里处。它也是区域间互动的一个重要节点。有人假设，在初始期晚期和地平线期早期，在查文德万塔尔的宗教意识形态扩张的推动下，安第斯山脉中部见证了复杂社会的出现。在这一时期，沿着海岸和北方高地出现了大型的仪式中心和社会分层，而中南部高地由于缺乏大型的公民仪式中心而被视为“死水”。然而，松本先生在Campanayuq Rumi的研究表明，有必要从根本上改变这一立场。新的证据表明，Campanayuq Rumi可能是通过与更复杂的Chavín de Huántar社会的互动而成为该地区第一个复杂社会的焦点，并随着后者的衰落而崩溃。复杂社会的产生与转型一直是人类学和考古学的重要理论课题。Campanayuq Rumi提供了一个很好的环境来评估这一过程在区域一级，因此，这个项目将有助于考虑以下广泛的理论问题：1）如何以及为什么一个相对平等的社会基础上的企业社会团体发展复杂的等级社会安排，直接与一个遥远的更复杂的社会互动？2)新的复杂系统是如何随着时间的推移而变化的？3)这些社会之间的互动在历时上是如何变化的？加速器质谱放射性碳测年的有机样品将提供一个细粒度的年代框架，考虑这些问题的历时性。黑曜石文物的X射线荧光分析将有助于加强对形成期长距离交换模式的理解，这对于理解区域间的相互作用是必要的。除了考古学家和人类学家感兴趣的研究问题之外，该项目还将通过与他们分享坎帕纳尤克鲁米的信息，为当地社区的身份做出贡献。该遗址对维尔卡舒曼当地人的身份至关重要。一些教育机构现在访问该网站，教授Vilcashuaman的历史如何比教科书报告更深刻。由于这项研究引起了公众对Campanayuq Rumi的关注，阿亚库乔地区政府正试图利用Campanayuq Rumi作为旅游景点，为该地区提供经济利益。该项目的新数据将有助于该计划，为这些活动提供坚实的学术基础。此外，松本先生将作为研究生接受上述分析方法的培训。