Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Emergence of Complex Society in the Peruvian South Central Highlands: Perspectives on the Frontier of the Chavin Sphere of Interaction

在理查德·伯格博士的指导下，松本雄一先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将分析秘鲁阿亚库乔省维尔卡斯瓦曼坎帕纳尤克·鲁米遗址的考古材料。从2007年到2008年，松本在该遗址进行了两次野外考古发掘。这些发掘表明，坎帕纳尤克·鲁米是秘鲁中部高地形成时期(公元前1800-200年)最重要的仪式中心之一。从他的研究中获得的材料的初步分析表明，Campanayuq Rumi在Chavín de Huántar强大的宗教影响下发挥了大型仪式中心的作用，Chavín de Huántar是该时期最重要的仪式和朝圣中心，位于北部600公里处。它也是区域间互动的重要节点。据推测，安第斯山脉中部见证了复杂社会的出现，这是在最初的地平线末期和早期地平线时期，胡安塔的宗教意识形态扩张的推动下出现的。虽然在这一时期沿海和北部高地出现了大型仪式中心和社会分层，但由于缺乏大型公民仪式中心，中南部高地一直被视为“一潭死水”。然而，松本在Campanayuq Rumi的研究表明，有必要从根本上改变这一立场。新的证据表明，Campanayuq Rumi可能通过与更复杂的Chavín de Huántar社会的互动而成为该区域第一个复杂社会的焦点，并随着后者的衰落而崩溃。复杂社会的出现和转型仍然是人类学和考古学的重要理论课题。Campanayuq Rumi为在区域层面评估这一过程提供了极好的环境，因此该项目将有助于思考以下广泛的理论问题：1)基于企业社会团体的相对平等主义社会如何以及为什么通过直接与遥远的、更复杂的社会互动来发展复杂的等级社会安排？2)新的复杂系统如何随时间变化？3)这些社会之间的互动是如何历时变化的？有机样品的加速器质谱仪放射性碳测年将提供一个细粒度的年代学框架，以历时地考虑这些问题。对黑铁矿文物的X射线荧光分析将有助于增强对形成过程中远距离交换模式的理解，这是了解区域间相互作用的必要手段。除了考古学家和人类学家感兴趣的研究问题外，该项目还将通过与考古学家和人类学家分享坎帕纳尤克·鲁米的信息，为当地社区认同做出贡献。该网站对维尔卡斯瓦曼当地人的身份至关重要。几家教育机构现在访问该网站，教授维尔卡斯瓦曼的历史如何比教科书报告更深刻。由于这项研究引起了公众对Campanayuq Rumi的关注，阿亚库乔地方政府正试图将Campanayuq Rumi作为旅游景点，为该地区提供经济利益。来自该项目的新数据将为这些活动提供坚实的学术基础，从而有助于该计划。此外，松本先生还将接受上述分析方法的研究生培训。

Under the direction of Dr. Richard Burger Mr. Yuichi Matsumoto will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will analyze archaeological materials from the site of Campanayuq Rumi in Vilcashuaman, Department of Ayacucho, Peru. Mr. Matsumoto conducted archaeological excavations at the site for two field seasons from 2007 to 2008. These excavations revealed that Campanayuq Rumi was one of the most important ceremonial centers in the central highlands of Peru during the Formative Period (1800-200 B.C.). Preliminary analysis of the materials obtained from his research suggests that Campanayuq Rumi functioned as a large ceremonial center under the strong religious influence of Chavín de Huántar, the most important ceremonial and pilgrimage center of the period, located 600km to the North. It also served as an important node of interregional interaction. It has been hypothesized that the central Andes witnessed the emergence of complex societies under the impetus of an expansion of religious ideology from Chavín de Huántar during the late Initial and Early Horizon Periods. While large ceremonial centers and social stratification emerged during this period along the coast and northern highlands, the south central highlands had been regarded as a "backwater" because of the lack of large civic-ceremonial centers. However Mr. Matsumoto's research at Campanayuq Rumi suggests the need to radically alter this position. The new evidence indicates that Campanayuq Rumi probably emerged as the focus of the first complex society of the region through the interaction with the more complex society of Chavín de Huántar and that it collapsed in accordance with the latter's decline. Emergence and transformation of complex societies remains as an important theoretical topic of anthropology and archaeology. Campanayuq Rumi provides an excellent setting to evaluate this process at a regional level and thus this project will help to consider the following broad theoretical issues: 1) How and why did a relatively egalitarian society based on corporate social groups develop complex hierarchical social arrangements by directly interacting with a distant more complex society? 2) How did the new complex system transform through time? 3) How did the interaction between these societies change diachronically? Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating of the organic samples will provide a fine-grained chronological framework to consider these issues diachronically. X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian artifacts will help to enhance understanding of long distance exchange patterns during the Formative, which is necessary to understand interregional interaction.Beyond research questions of interest to archaeologists and anthropologists, this project will also contribute to local community identity by sharing the information of Campanayuq Rumi with them. The site has become crucial to the identity of local people in Vilcashuaman. Several educational institutions now visit the site to teach how the history of Vilcashuaman was deeper than the textbooks report. Because of the public attention paid to Campanayuq Rumi as a result of this research, the regional government of Ayacucho is trying to utilize Campanayuq Rumi as a tourist attraction to provide an economic benefit to the region. The new data from this project will help the plan by providing a strong academic foundation for these activities. Furthermore, Mr. Matsumoto will gain training as a graduate student in the method of analysis mentioned above.