International Cities as the Economic Unit of Account: Theory and Measurement

国际城市作为经济核算单位：理论与测量

• 批准号: 1030164
• 负责人: Mario Crucini
• 金额: $ 51.31万
• 依托单位: Vanderbilt University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-15 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1030164&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: International; Cities; Economic; Unit; Account

The objective of the proposed research is to facilitate the evolution of macroeconomics from reliance on the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) toward an internationally integrated system of City Income and Product Accounts (CIPA). Much is gained by this transition in terms of the scope of economic research and policy analysis while little is lost. That little is lost is evident in the fact that world urbanization increased from 13% in 1900 to 49% in 2005 and is predicted to rise to 60% by 2030 (2006 UN World Urbanization Prospects report). What is gained is substantial based on preliminary results emerging from a number of sub-fields of economics. International economists using city-level price surveys, including work by the co-PIs and collaborators, find that many facts arising from studies of national price indices fail to emerge when city level data is employed. Price adjustment is much faster than what the national data show. Goods that are less traded have larger and more persistent deviations than goods that are more traded. Market segmentation arising from national borders is less severe when absolute LOP deviations are the metric than when time series volatility of aggregated CPI indices are the metric. Three core themes surface in the context of these facts. First, the service sector looms large, both in the distribution of traded goods to final consumers in retail markets and in local services production (education, medicine, emergency services, utilities and transportation infrastructure). Second, markups of price over marginal cost play a central role in accounting for geographic price dispersion. Third, two thirds of international trade has a single multinational firm at one end of the transaction. While this suggests levels of industry concentration conducive to geographic price discrimination, there is still much to learn about the relationship between the geography of markups and the geographic concentration of product-level production.Intellectual MeritThe intellectual merit of the research is to provide data infrastructure to support Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) modeling at the microeconomic level. This allows integrated study of heterogenous economic responses to macroeconomic shocks as well as the spatial scale of microeconomic spillovers. LOP is a compelling reason to study goods markets and cities in a general equilibrium framework. The challenge is to a build model that incorporates LOP deviations in a realistic fashion. Some markets are geographically segmented (medical services, public education), others are globally integrated (agricultural, manufactured goods). The equilibrium of a city depends on the balance of segmentation across the goods, labor and capital markets.Broader ImpactThe broader impact is a novel way of thinking about spatial economic interaction. Shocks and policies need not be defined on the basis of arbitrary political divisions. Cities are microcosms of the world economy that offer insights into the social sciences. Since services are disproportionately publicly provided, cities provide laboratories to study political economy, including issues that span national boundaries. Linking the data and models developed here with Google Earth, students and teachers will be able to explore economic, geographic, cultural and political dimensions of cities in a more integrated and rigorous manner.

本研究的目的是促进宏观经济学从依赖国民收入和产品核算（NIPA）向城市收入和产品核算（CIPA）的国际一体化体系的演变。就经济研究和政策分析的范围而言，这种转变获得了很多，而损失却很少。世界城市化从1900年的13%上升到2005年的49%，预计到2030年将上升到60%（2006年联合国世界城市化展望报告）。从经济学的一些子领域产生的初步结果来看，所获得的是实质性的。国际经济学家利用城市一级价格调查（包括联合指数和合作者的调查）发现，当采用城市一级数据时，许多从国家价格指数研究中得出的事实未能显现出来。价格调整的速度比国家数据显示的要快得多。贸易量较少的商品比贸易量较多的商品有更大、更持久的偏差。当以绝对LOP偏差为度量时，由国家边界引起的市场分割不像以总CPI指数的时间序列波动为度量时那么严重。在这些事实的背景下，三个核心主题浮出水面。首先，在向零售市场的最终消费者分销贸易货物和在当地服务生产（教育、医药、应急服务、公用事业和运输基础设施）方面，服务部门显得十分重要。其次，价格高于边际成本的加价在解释地理价格分散方面起着核心作用。第三，三分之二的国际贸易只有一家跨国公司在交易的一端。虽然这表明行业集中度水平有利于地理价格歧视，但关于加价的地理位置与产品级生产的地理集中度之间的关系，仍有很多东西需要学习。本研究的智力价值在于为微观经济层面的动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）建模提供数据基础设施。这样就可以综合研究对宏观经济冲击的异质经济反应以及微观经济溢出效应的空间规模。LOP是在一般均衡框架下研究商品市场和城市的一个令人信服的理由。挑战在于构建一个以现实的方式包含LOP偏差的模型。有些市场在地理上是分割的（医疗服务、公共教育），有些市场是全球一体化的（农业、制成品）。城市的均衡取决于商品市场、劳动力市场和资本市场分割的均衡。更广泛的影响更广泛的影响是一种思考空间经济相互作用的新方式。冲击和政策不需要根据武断的政治分歧来界定。城市是世界经济的缩影，为社会科学提供了洞见。由于公共服务是不成比例地提供的，城市提供了研究政治经济学的实验室，包括跨越国界的问题。将这里开发的数据和模型与b谷歌Earth相结合，学生和教师将能够以更加整合和严谨的方式探索城市的经济、地理、文化和政治维度。