Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Bronze Age Economies of the Carpathian Basin: Trade, Craft Production and Agro-Pastoral Intensification

博士论文改进补助金：喀尔巴阡盆地的青铜时代经济：贸易、手工艺生产和农牧业集约化

• 批准号: 1039380
• 负责人: John O'Shea
• 金额: $ 1.86万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-08-15 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1039380&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Bronze

The development of hierarchical political systems, such as chiefdoms and states, has received much attention by archaeologists in recent decades. Critical to this discussion is the emergence of political economies that finance elites and their institutions. Unfortunately, in many regions their development is poorly understood. This is true for Bronze Age temperate Europe, where the study of long-distance trade in prestige goods, especially spectacular metalwork, has largely overshadowed investigation of production strategies at the village and household level. This has often led to premature identification of complex polities when organizational variability within autonomous (or non-hierarchical) villages is not yet fully understood. Under the supervision of Dr. John O'Shea, Amy Nicodemus will address this important problem, using the Maros culture of the central Hungarian Plain as a case study (Early-Middle Bronze Age, c. 2700-1500 cal. BC). This research examines variability in economic organization both within and between Maros settlements to test whether patterns are consistent with the increasing centralization of emerging political economies, or whether differences fall within the range of expected variability for autonomous settlements in contrasting geographic and ecological settings. Production strategies and consumption patterns will be assessed for three important and inter-related spheres: agriculture, local craft manufacture, and long-distance trade. Special attention will be paid to the degree of (1) elite control over local and foreign prestige goods economies and (2) intensification and/or specialization of farming systems through time. Intra-site variability will be explored through excavations of the outer settlement at a major Maros settlement, Pecica ªanþul Mare, which will complement (and contrast against) previous work within central habitation areas, thought to correspond to non-elite and elite residences respectively. Inter-site differentiation will be assessed for neighboring settlements through museum study of excavated materials and review of published site reports. Currently, little is known about organization of craft manufacture and even less about farming systems in the Carpathian Basin. This study will also provide important information about how these economic spheres are structured and how they interact with better-understood trade networks. This project will make valuable contributions to issues of broad interest within the anthropological community and beyond as the origins of political complexity and its economic foundations are relevant to diverse social sciences. Additionally, this research will foster international collaboration and promote future generations of Romanian archeologists. It will form the basis of the author's dissertation and subsequent publications. Summary reports translated into Romanian and Hungarian will be made available to the wider community, encouraging intellectual exchange and dialogue between international researchers and the public. Further, archaeology is a rapidly shrinking field in Romania as job prospects and funding sources are increasingly limited. The author is dedicated to countering this trend by training Romanian students in modern excavation and analytical techniques and encouraging independent research projects. This will provide much needed opportunities for developing practical and theoretical skills, as well as experience with international projects, making students attractive in a competitive job market and encouraging continued collaboration.

等级政治制度的发展，如酋长管辖地和国家，近几十年来受到了考古学家的广泛关注。这场讨论的关键是，为精英及其机构提供资金的政治经济学的出现。不幸的是，在许多地区，人们对它们的发展知之甚少。对于青铜时代的温带欧洲来说，情况确实如此，在那里，对贵重商品（尤其是壮观的金属制品）的长途贸易的研究，在很大程度上盖过了对村庄和家庭层面生产策略的研究。这往往导致在自治（或非等级制）村庄内部的组织可变性尚未完全了解的情况下，过早地确定复杂的政策。在John O'Shea博士的指导下，Amy Nicodemus将以匈牙利平原中部的马罗斯文化（青铜时代早期-中期，公元前2700-1500 cal. BC）为例研究这一重要问题。这项研究考察了马罗斯定居点内部和之间经济组织的可变性，以检验模式是否与新兴政治经济的日益集中相一致，或者差异是否在不同地理和生态环境下自治定居点的预期可变性范围内。将评估三个重要和相互关联领域的生产战略和消费模式：农业、当地手工艺品制造和长途贸易。将特别注意(1)精英对当地和外国名牌商品经济的控制程度和(2)随着时间的推移，农业系统的集约化和/或专业化程度。将通过对马洛斯人主要定居点Pecicaªanpronul Mare的外部定居点的挖掘来探索遗址内部的变化，这将补充（并与之形成对比）先前在中心居住区的工作，被认为分别对应于非精英和精英住宅。将通过博物馆对挖掘材料的研究和对已发表的遗址报告的审查，评估邻近定居点的遗址间差异。目前，人们对喀尔巴阡盆地的工艺制造组织知之甚少，对农业系统的了解更少。这项研究还将提供有关这些经济领域如何构成以及它们如何与更了解的贸易网络相互作用的重要信息。这个项目将对人类学内外广泛关注的问题作出宝贵贡献，因为政治复杂性的起源及其经济基础与各种社会科学有关。此外，这项研究将促进国际合作，促进未来几代罗马尼亚考古学家的发展。它将形成作者的论文和随后的出版物的基础。将向更广泛的社区提供翻译成罗马尼亚语和匈牙利语的摘要报告，鼓励国际研究人员与公众之间的知识交流和对话。此外，由于就业前景和资金来源日益有限，考古学在罗马尼亚是一个迅速萎缩的领域。作者致力于通过训练罗马尼亚学生掌握现代挖掘和分析技术并鼓励独立研究项目来对抗这种趋势。这将为发展实践和理论技能以及国际项目经验提供急需的机会，使学生在竞争激烈的就业市场中具有吸引力，并鼓励继续合作。