Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Bronze Age Economies of the Carpathian Basin: Trade, Craft Production and Agro-Pastoral Intensification

近几十年来，等级政治制度的发展，如酋长和国家，受到了考古学家的极大关注。对这种讨论至关重要的是，为精英及其机构提供资金的政治经济的出现。不幸的是，在许多地区，人们对它们的发展知之甚少。青铜时代温带欧洲的情况就是如此，在那里，对名牌商品，特别是壮观的金属制品的远程贸易的研究，在很大程度上盖过了对村庄和家庭层面生产战略的调查。这往往导致在尚未充分了解自治(或非等级)村庄内的组织差异时，过早地确定复杂的政治。在John O‘Shea博士的监督下，Amy Nicodemus将以匈牙利中部平原的Maros文化为案例研究(约2700-1500年青铜时代)，解决这一重要问题。公元前)。这项研究考察了Maros定居点内部和之间的经济组织的可变性，以检验模式是否与新兴政治经济日益集中一致，或者差异是否在不同地理和生态环境下自治定居点的预期可变性范围内。将评估三个重要且相互关联的领域的生产战略和消费模式：农业、当地手工艺品制造和远程贸易。将特别注意(1)精英对当地和外国名牌商品经济的控制程度，以及(2)随着时间的推移，耕作制度的集约化和/或专业化。将通过对一个主要的Maros定居点Pecica？an Tower ul Mare的外部定居点的挖掘来探索站点内的变异性，这将补充(并与)以前在中央居住区内的工作形成对比，这些工作被认为分别对应于非精英住宅和精英住宅。将通过博物馆对出土材料的研究和对已发表的遗址报告的审查，评估邻近定居点的遗址间差异。目前，人们对工艺品制造的组织知之甚少，对喀尔巴西安盆地的农业系统更是知之甚少。这项研究还将提供有关这些经济圈是如何构建的以及它们如何与更好地理解的贸易网络互动的重要信息。该项目将对人类学领域内外广泛关注的问题作出宝贵贡献，因为政治复杂性的起源及其经济基础与各种社会科学有关。此外，这项研究将促进国际合作，促进罗马尼亚考古学家的后代。它将构成作者论文和后续出版物的基础。将向更广泛的社区提供翻译成罗马尼亚文和匈牙利文的摘要报告，鼓励国际研究人员与公众进行智力交流和对话。此外，考古学在罗马尼亚是一个迅速萎缩的领域，因为就业前景和资金来源越来越有限。作者致力于通过培训罗马尼亚学生掌握现代挖掘和分析技术并鼓励独立研究项目来应对这一趋势。这将为培养实践和理论技能以及国际项目经验提供亟需的机会，使学生在竞争激烈的就业市场中具有吸引力，并鼓励继续合作。

The development of hierarchical political systems, such as chiefdoms and states, has received much attention by archaeologists in recent decades. Critical to this discussion is the emergence of political economies that finance elites and their institutions. Unfortunately, in many regions their development is poorly understood. This is true for Bronze Age temperate Europe, where the study of long-distance trade in prestige goods, especially spectacular metalwork, has largely overshadowed investigation of production strategies at the village and household level. This has often led to premature identification of complex polities when organizational variability within autonomous (or non-hierarchical) villages is not yet fully understood. Under the supervision of Dr. John O'Shea, Amy Nicodemus will address this important problem, using the Maros culture of the central Hungarian Plain as a case study (Early-Middle Bronze Age, c. 2700-1500 cal. BC). This research examines variability in economic organization both within and between Maros settlements to test whether patterns are consistent with the increasing centralization of emerging political economies, or whether differences fall within the range of expected variability for autonomous settlements in contrasting geographic and ecological settings. Production strategies and consumption patterns will be assessed for three important and inter-related spheres: agriculture, local craft manufacture, and long-distance trade. Special attention will be paid to the degree of (1) elite control over local and foreign prestige goods economies and (2) intensification and/or specialization of farming systems through time. Intra-site variability will be explored through excavations of the outer settlement at a major Maros settlement, Pecica ªanþul Mare, which will complement (and contrast against) previous work within central habitation areas, thought to correspond to non-elite and elite residences respectively. Inter-site differentiation will be assessed for neighboring settlements through museum study of excavated materials and review of published site reports. Currently, little is known about organization of craft manufacture and even less about farming systems in the Carpathian Basin. This study will also provide important information about how these economic spheres are structured and how they interact with better-understood trade networks. This project will make valuable contributions to issues of broad interest within the anthropological community and beyond as the origins of political complexity and its economic foundations are relevant to diverse social sciences. Additionally, this research will foster international collaboration and promote future generations of Romanian archeologists. It will form the basis of the author's dissertation and subsequent publications. Summary reports translated into Romanian and Hungarian will be made available to the wider community, encouraging intellectual exchange and dialogue between international researchers and the public. Further, archaeology is a rapidly shrinking field in Romania as job prospects and funding sources are increasingly limited. The author is dedicated to countering this trend by training Romanian students in modern excavation and analytical techniques and encouraging independent research projects. This will provide much needed opportunities for developing practical and theoretical skills, as well as experience with international projects, making students attractive in a competitive job market and encouraging continued collaboration.