Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Metal Procurement and Regional Community Organization in the Bronze Age of Southwest Transylvania

在约翰·奥谢博士的指导下，科林·奎因将调查青铜时代（公元前2700- 1200年）金属采购如何影响跨西尔瓦尼亚西南部的社区组织。金属，特别是铜、锡和黄金，是青铜时代的关键资源，这是整个欧洲重大社会转型的时期。西南部的跨西尔瓦尼亚是一个理想的情况下，研究的衔接金属采购和社区组织，因为金属资源是当地丰富的，空间离散，并广泛交换整个大陆在青铜时代。本研究的目的是了解金属采购是如何组织的，金属采购在政治经济中扮演了什么角色，以及金属采购在整个青铜时代社会复杂性发展中不断变化的角色。金属采购和社区的组织和发展将通过研究冶金模式，结算系统，本地和非本地交换。为了生成这些数据，Colin Quinn将在Geoagiu山谷内进行系统的调查和测试挖掘。该项目将研究金属采购的组织，以评估三种模式;如果它是由（1）自治社区，（2）地方精英，或（3）区域政治整合。这些模型将告知了解青铜时代的社区如何定位自己的景观在资源和邻近的定居点，以及如何这些关系和优先事项随着时间的推移而变化。拟议的研究是第一次系统的考古调查在西南跨西尔瓦尼亚和第一个人类学为导向的研究社区在喀尔巴阡山脉的金属采购区。因此，本研究开发了特定于金属采购区的政治和经济模型。这是对金属在社会中作用的传统模式的一种急需的平衡，这种模式假设金属来源在当地不可用。通过放射性碳测年产生的修订年表将挑战和细微差别，我们对西南部跨西尔瓦尼亚的社会复杂性的发展的理解，并告知未来的模型到社会，经济和政治生活方式之间的关系，在中等范围society.More广泛，这项研究扩大了人类学的资源采购及其社会背景的理解。考古学方法提供的长期视角补充了其他学科的方法，这些学科对采矿，贸易和全球化对当地经济，政治制度和环境的影响感兴趣。拟议的项目将批判性地评估金属采购在采购区社会组织和演变中可能发生的角色转变。这项研究将作为一个模板，研究当地资源在采购区的作用，并可以应用到广泛的资源在许多不同的时间和地理环境的研究。 该项目有助于并加强更大的研究工作，以研究整个喀尔巴阡盆地的社会复杂性的发展，凭借这些方法扩展到金属采购区。该项目通过促进国际合作并为罗马尼亚和美国学生提供培训机会而产生更广泛的影响。地方社区将通过公共外联活动和网络资源参与其中。作为这一项目的一部分而建立的地理信息系统数据库将作为一个持久的研究基础设施，并将提供给当地考古学家和决策者，用于文化遗产管理。

Under the guidance of Dr. John O'Shea, Colin Quinn will investigate how metal procurement affected community organization in southwest Transylvania during the Bronze Age (2700-1200BC). Metals, especially copper, tin, and gold, were key resources during the Bronze Age, a period of major social transformation across Europe. Southwest Transylvania is an ideal case in which to study the articulation of metal procurement and community organization because metal resources are locally abundant, spatially discrete, and exchanged widely across the continent during the Bronze Age. The goals of this research are to understand how metal procurement was organized, what roles metal procurement played in the political economy, and the changing roles of metal procurement in the development of social complexity throughout the Bronze Age.The organization and development of metal procurement and communities will be examined through the study of change over time in the patterning of metallurgy, settlement systems, and local and non-local exchange. To generate these data, Colin Quinn will conduct systematic survey and test excavations at sites within the Geoagiu Valley. The project will examine the organization of metal procurement to evaluate three models; if it was integrated by (1) autonomous communities, (2) local elites, or (3) regional polities. These models will inform understanding of how Bronze Age communities positioned themselves on the landscape in relation to resources and neighboring settlements and how these relationships and priorities changed through time.The proposed research is the first systematic archaeological survey in southwest Transylvania and the first anthropologically-oriented study of communities in metal procurement zones in the Carpathians. As such, this research develops models of politics and the economy that are specific to metal procurement zones. This is a much-needed counterbalance to traditional models of the role of metal in society that assume that metal sources are not locally available. The revised chronology generated through radiocarbon dating will challenge and nuance our understanding of development of social complexities in southwest Transylvania and inform future models into the relationship among social, economic, and political lifeways in middle-range societies.More broadly, this research expands anthropological understanding of resource procurement and its social context. The long-term perspective provided by archaeological approaches complements approaches from other disciplines that are interested in the impact of mining, trade, and globalization on local economies, political systems, and the environment. The proposed project will critically evaluate the likely shifting role of metal procurement in the organization and evolution of societies in procurement zones. This research will serve as a template for studying the role of local resources in procurement zones and can be applied to the study of a wide range of resources in many different temporal and geographic contexts. This project contributes to and enhances larger research efforts to study the development of social complexity across the Carpathian Basin by virtue of extending these approaches into metal procurement zones. The project has broader impacts by fostering international collaborations and providing training opportunities for Romanian and U.S. students. The local community will be engaged through public outreach events and web resources. The GIS database generated as part of this project will serve as a lasting infrastructure of research and will be made available to local archaeologists and policy makers to be used in cultural heritage management.