Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Metal Procurement and Regional Community Organization in the Bronze Age of Southwest Transylvania

在John O‘Shea博士的指导下，Colin Quinn将调查青铜时代(公元前2700-1200BC)期间金属采购如何影响特兰西瓦尼亚西南部的社区组织。金属，特别是铜、锡和金，是青铜时代的关键资源，青铜时代是整个欧洲的重大社会转型时期。西南特兰西瓦尼亚是研究金属采购和社区组织衔接的理想案例，因为当地金属资源丰富，空间离散，在青铜时代在整个大陆广泛交换。这项研究的目标是了解金属采购是如何组织的，金属采购在整个青铜时代的政治经济中扮演着什么角色，以及金属采购在整个青铜时代社会复杂性发展中的角色变化。金属采购和社区的组织和发展将通过对冶金模式、结算系统以及本地和非本地交换随时间的变化的研究来审查。为了生成这些数据，科林·奎恩将在Geagiu山谷内的地点进行系统的调查和测试挖掘。该项目将审查金属采购的组织，以评估三种模式；如果它是由(1)自治社区、(2)地方精英或(3)地区政治整合的。这些模型将有助于理解青铜时代社区如何在与资源和邻近定居点相关的景观中定位自己，以及这些关系和优先事项如何随着时间的推移而变化。拟议的研究是特兰西瓦尼亚西南部的第一次系统考古调查，也是第一次以人类学为导向的对喀尔巴西亚金属采购区社区的研究。因此，这项研究开发了特定于金属采购区的政治和经济模型。这是一种亟需的平衡，不同于传统的金属在社会中的作用模式，这些模式假设当地没有金属来源。通过放射性碳测年产生的修订年表将挑战和细微差别我们对特兰西瓦尼亚西南部社会复杂性发展的理解，并为未来的模型提供信息，以了解中等社会社会、经济和政治生活方式之间的关系。更广泛地说，这项研究扩大了人类学对资源获取及其社会背景的理解。考古学方法提供的长期视角与其他学科的方法相辅相成，这些学科对采矿、贸易和全球化对当地经济、政治制度和环境的影响感兴趣。拟议的项目将批判性地评价金属采购在采购区社会的组织和演变中可能发挥的作用的变化。这项研究将作为研究当地资源在采购区的作用的模板，可用于在许多不同的时间和地理背景下研究各种资源。该项目通过将这些办法推广到金属采购区，促进并加强了更大规模的研究工作，以研究整个喀尔巴底盆地社会复杂性的发展。该项目通过促进国际合作并为罗马尼亚和美国学生提供培训机会，产生了更广泛的影响。当地社区将通过公共宣传活动和网络资源参与进来。作为该项目一部分产生的地理信息系统数据库将作为持久的研究基础设施，并将提供给当地考古学家和政策制定者，用于文化遗产管理。

Under the guidance of Dr. John O'Shea, Colin Quinn will investigate how metal procurement affected community organization in southwest Transylvania during the Bronze Age (2700-1200BC). Metals, especially copper, tin, and gold, were key resources during the Bronze Age, a period of major social transformation across Europe. Southwest Transylvania is an ideal case in which to study the articulation of metal procurement and community organization because metal resources are locally abundant, spatially discrete, and exchanged widely across the continent during the Bronze Age. The goals of this research are to understand how metal procurement was organized, what roles metal procurement played in the political economy, and the changing roles of metal procurement in the development of social complexity throughout the Bronze Age.The organization and development of metal procurement and communities will be examined through the study of change over time in the patterning of metallurgy, settlement systems, and local and non-local exchange. To generate these data, Colin Quinn will conduct systematic survey and test excavations at sites within the Geoagiu Valley. The project will examine the organization of metal procurement to evaluate three models; if it was integrated by (1) autonomous communities, (2) local elites, or (3) regional polities. These models will inform understanding of how Bronze Age communities positioned themselves on the landscape in relation to resources and neighboring settlements and how these relationships and priorities changed through time.The proposed research is the first systematic archaeological survey in southwest Transylvania and the first anthropologically-oriented study of communities in metal procurement zones in the Carpathians. As such, this research develops models of politics and the economy that are specific to metal procurement zones. This is a much-needed counterbalance to traditional models of the role of metal in society that assume that metal sources are not locally available. The revised chronology generated through radiocarbon dating will challenge and nuance our understanding of development of social complexities in southwest Transylvania and inform future models into the relationship among social, economic, and political lifeways in middle-range societies.More broadly, this research expands anthropological understanding of resource procurement and its social context. The long-term perspective provided by archaeological approaches complements approaches from other disciplines that are interested in the impact of mining, trade, and globalization on local economies, political systems, and the environment. The proposed project will critically evaluate the likely shifting role of metal procurement in the organization and evolution of societies in procurement zones. This research will serve as a template for studying the role of local resources in procurement zones and can be applied to the study of a wide range of resources in many different temporal and geographic contexts. This project contributes to and enhances larger research efforts to study the development of social complexity across the Carpathian Basin by virtue of extending these approaches into metal procurement zones. The project has broader impacts by fostering international collaborations and providing training opportunities for Romanian and U.S. students. The local community will be engaged through public outreach events and web resources. The GIS database generated as part of this project will serve as a lasting infrastructure of research and will be made available to local archaeologists and policy makers to be used in cultural heritage management.