Paths to Bronze Age Complexity: Monitoring the Rise of Pecica "Santul Mare"

通往青铜时代复杂性的道路：监测佩西卡“Santul Mare”的崛起

• 批准号: 1264315
• 负责人: John O'Shea
• 金额: $ 37.79万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-03-01 至 2018-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1264315&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Paths; Bronze; Age; Complexity; Monitoring

With National Science Foundation Support, Dr. John O'Shea and an international team of colleagues from the United States, Romania, Hungary, and Italy will renew archaeological excavations at the site of Pecica "ªanþul Mare" in southwestern Romania. The great tell of Pecica "ªanþul Mare" is among the most important Bronze Age sites in Europe, and was a major center for the production and trade of bronze tools, ornaments and weapons. Previous National Science Foundation supported research has shown that Pecica was a complex polity with centralized public architecture, craft specialists, and segregated social strata. The research also demonstrated that Pecica was deeply involved in the spread of domestic horses, and possibly also chariots, into Europe. While this prior work presented a picture of Pecica at its peak, and of its rapid collapse, the present research effort is concerned with understanding how Pecica rose to prominence. The remaining archaeological layers at Pecica hold a unique record of the internal and external factors which brought the Pecica society into existence. The excavations will provide a detailed view of the emergence of Pecica as a major regional center and clarify the context of this development, both among the contemporary local communities and within the larger regional networks of the European Bronze Age. The research will contribute to our understanding of how social inequality and complexity develop, and highlight a form of societal organization that is central to cultural developments in the European Bronze Age but which may differ from the complex chiefdom type organization seen in other parts of the World. The excavation will generate important new information relating to the development and organization of metallurgy and craft production, and provide critical evidence relating to the Bronze Age subsistence and productive economies, and particularly to the transformative spread of the domestic horse and associated transport technologies into Europe. Finally, the excavations will provide a complete record of not only the material culture of this important EU Cultural Heritage site, but also of the Bronze Age climate and environment, and particularly the cultural impacts of Pecica's development on the local and regional environment that may be linked to significant environmental deteriorations at the end of the Middle Bronze Age.Apart from understanding the settlement of Pecica, itself, the research promises a number of broader benefits. The work at Pecica will contribute to the larger research effort in the Carpathian Basin Bronze Age. Concurrent research projects in Hungary, Romania, and Serbia are combining to provide a macro-regional dataset for archaeological research that is unique in Europe and may rival places such as the Valley of Mexico or Oaxaca as a laboratory for the study of culture change. The research provides international research experience for American graduate and undergraduate students, and provides training opportunities for beginning and advanced Romanian students. The collaborative and interdisciplinary effort provides training benefits to all participants, senior and junior alike, and is supporting innovations in research design and excavation strategies within Romania. The project is also contributing to the infrastructure of archaeological research by providing improved curation and access for the archaeological collections from this important site.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，John O'Shea博士和来自美国、罗马尼亚、匈牙利和意大利的国际同事团队将在罗马尼亚西南部的佩奇卡“安瓦尔海”遗址重新进行考古发掘。 佩奇卡的大告诉“安瓦尔马雷”是欧洲最重要的青铜时代遗址之一，是青铜工具，装饰品和武器的生产和贸易的主要中心。 以前国家科学基金会支持的研究表明，佩奇卡是一个复杂的政体，有集中的公共建筑，工艺专家和隔离的社会阶层。 这项研究还表明，佩奇卡深深地参与了国内马匹的传播，也可能是战车，进入欧洲。 虽然先前的工作呈现了佩奇卡在其顶峰时期和迅速崩溃的画面，但目前的研究工作关注的是了解佩奇卡如何崛起。 佩奇卡的剩余考古层保存了一份独特的内部和外部因素的记录，这些因素使佩奇卡社会得以存在。 这些发掘将提供佩奇卡作为一个主要区域中心的出现的详细视图，并澄清这一发展的背景，无论是在当代当地社区还是在欧洲青铜时代的更大区域网络中。 这项研究将有助于我们理解社会不平等和复杂性如何发展，并突出一种社会组织形式，这种组织形式对欧洲青铜时代的文化发展至关重要，但可能与世界其他地区看到的复杂的酋长制组织不同。 这次发掘将产生与冶金和工艺生产的发展和组织有关的重要新信息，并提供与青铜时代的生存和生产经济有关的关键证据，特别是国内马和相关运输技术向欧洲的变革性传播。 最后，发掘工作不仅将完整记录这一重要的欧盟文化遗产地的物质文化，还将记录青铜时代的气候和环境，特别是佩奇卡的发展对当地和区域环境的文化影响，这些文化影响可能与青铜时代中期末的重大环境恶化有关。除了了解佩奇卡本身的定居点外，这项研究有望带来许多更广泛的好处。 在佩奇卡的工作将有助于喀尔巴阡盆地青铜时代的更大的研究工作。 匈牙利、罗马尼亚和塞尔维亚的并行研究项目正在结合起来，为考古研究提供一个宏观区域数据集，这在欧洲是独一无二的，可能与墨西哥谷或瓦哈卡等地相媲美，成为研究文化变迁的实验室。 该研究为美国研究生和本科生提供国际研究经验，并为罗马尼亚的初级和高级学生提供培训机会。 合作和跨学科的努力提供培训的好处，所有参与者，高级和初级一样，并支持在罗马尼亚的研究设计和挖掘战略的创新。 该项目还通过改善这一重要遗址的考古收藏品的管理和获取，为考古研究的基础设施做出了贡献。