Collaborative Research, WSC-Category 2: Regional Climate Variability and Patterns of Urban Development - Impacts on the Urban Water Cycle and Nutrient Export

PI # 1: Welty， claire提案编号：1058038机构：马里兰大学巴尔的摩县PI # 2: Smith， James a提案编号：1058027机构：普林斯顿大学PI # 3: Irwin， Elena g .提案编号：1058059机构：俄亥俄州立大学PI # 4: Klaiber， H. allen提案编号：1058064机构：宾夕法尼亚州立大学公园PI # 5: Towe， charles提案编号：1058101机构：马里兰大学学院公园PI # 6: Groffman， Peter m提案编号：研究机构：美国罗德岛大学（University of Rhode island）研究机构：美国罗德岛大学（University of Rhode island）研究机构：美国马里兰大学（University of Maryland College park）研究项目的目标是在区域和局部气候变化的背景下，评估城市发展模式与水文循环及其相关营养循环之间的相互作用。推动这项研究的范式是，城市化景观的自然和人类组成部分之间的动态相互作用产生了显著的空间异质性和时间变异性，水的储存和通量是水量和质量的主要决定因素。他们的具体目标是创建一个能够模拟控制城市水可持续性的反馈关系的建模系统。他们建议解决以下研究问题：(1)随着时间的推移，人类的区位选择、基于水的生态系统服务和监管政策如何影响土地供应和发展模式？(2)城市化地表组成和变率的变化如何影响局地和区域气候？(3)发展模式（包括工程水系统）和气候变率如何影响城市地区水和氮的通量、流动路径和储存？拟议的工作将整合水文科学、环境工程、生物地球化学和经济学等学科的理论和模型。核心要素包括城市发展模式的空间建模以及地块和社区尺度和不同政策情景下的个别土地使用和定位过程；在多个尺度上（包括考虑工程水系统）耦合地表水/地下水和陆地表面-大气系统的三维建模，其中将开发模式作为输入；并对该系统中水氮的流动路径和通量进行了量化研究。他们将使用巴尔的摩生态系统研究LTER （http://beslter.org）作为基于地点的研究平台来开展拟议的工作。在此过程中，他们将利用一个为期12年的水文和化学特征数据数据库；高分辨率的土地覆盖、土地利用和社会人口信息；高密度水文观测系统。更广泛的影响本项目将资助超过20名本科生、7名博士生和3名博士后在合作院校接受教育和专业发展。此外，预计本项目产生的数据可以用于BES LTER的其他研究生的论文研究，他们的专业知识涵盖环境工程，水文学，生物地球化学，水生生态学，城市和环境经济学以及公共政策。新的建模能力将使我们能够扩大为各级学生提供的培训和研究机会的范围。新的仪器将有助于提高LTER作为科学界资源的基础设施能力。他们的工作包括与当地机构决策者进行频繁的沟通，这些决策者涉及规划和实施影响土地使用和水资源的项目，例如巴尔的摩市公共工程部、巴尔的摩县环境保护和资源管理部、马里兰州环境部和环境保护署切萨皮克湾项目。对于支持与水资源管理有关的决策，非常需要诸如所建议的建模工具。BES LTER与巴尔的摩市和县的学校系统合作，开展了积极而广泛的环境教育计划；从巴尔的摩地区与lter相关的研究项目中获得的数据，例如拟议的数据，将用于该lter支持的计划。

PI # 1: Welty, ClaireProposal Number: 1058038Institution: University of Maryland Baltimore CountyPI # 2: Smith, James A.Proposal Number: 1058027Institution: Princeton University PI # 3: Irwin, Elena G.Proposal Number: 1058059Institution: Ohio State UniversityPI # 4: Klaiber, H. AllenProposal Number: 1058064Institution: Pennsylvania State Univ University Park PI # 5: Towe, CharlesProposal Number: 1058101Institution: University of Maryland College ParkPI # 6: Groffman, Peter M.Proposal Number: 1058162Institution: Institute of Ecosystem StudiesPI # 7: Gold, ArthurProposal Number: 1058194Institution: University of Rhode IslandPI # 8: Kaushal, SujayProposal Number: 1058502Institution: University of Maryland College ParkIntellectual MeritThe goal of the proposed work is to evaluate the interactions between urban development patterns and the hydrologic cycle and its associated nutrient cycles, within the context of regional and local climate variability. The paradigm driving this research is that dynamic interactions between the natural and human components of the urbanizing landscape produce striking spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in water storage and fluxes that are major determinants of water quantity and quality. Their specific objective is to create a modeling system capable of simulating the feedback relationships that control urban water sustainability.They propose to address the following research questions: (1) How do human locational choices, water-based ecosystem services, and regulatory policies affect the supply of land and pattern of development over time? (2) How do the changing composition and variability of urbanizing surfaces affect local and regional climate? (3) How do patterns of development (including the engineered water system) and climate variability affect fluxes, flow paths and storage of water and nitrogen in urban areas?The proposed work will integrate theories and models across the disciplines of hydrologic science, environmental engineering, biogeochemistry, and economics. Core elements include spatial modeling of urban development patterns and individual land use and location processes at parcel and neighborhood scales and for different policy scenarios; three-dimensional modeling of coupled surface water/groundwater and land surface-atmospheric systems at multiple scales (including consideration of the engineered water system), where development patterns are incorporated as input; and field work and modeling aimed at quantifying flow paths and fluxes of water and nitrogen in this system.They will use the Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER (http://beslter.org), as a platform for place-based research to carry out the proposed work. In doing so, they will take advantage of a 12-year database of hydrologic and chemical characterization data; high-resolution land-cover, land use, and socio-demographic information; and a high-density hydrologic observing system.Broader ImpactsThis project will contribute to the education and professional development of over 20 undergraduate students, seven PhD students, and three post-doctoral associates at the partner institutions supported by the project. In addition, it is expected that data produced by this project can be used in dissertation research by a number of other graduate students affiliated with the BES LTER, whose expertise spans environmental engineering, hydrology, biogeochemistry, aquatic ecology, urban and environmental economics, and public policy. New modeling capabilities will enable us to broaden the scope of training and research opportunities provided to students at all levels. New instrumentation will contribute to the growth of infrastructure capabilities of the LTER as a resource for the scientific community.Their work involves frequent communications with local agency decision-makers involved with planning and implementing programs affecting land use and water resources, e.g., Baltimore City Department of Public Works, Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management, Maryland Department of the Environment, and the EPA Chesapeake Bay Program. Modeling tools such as the ones proposed are very much needed to support decision-making associated with water resource management. The BES LTER has an active and extensive environmental education program working with Baltimore City and County school systems; data derived from LTER-related research projects in the Baltimore area, such as the one proposed will be used in this LTER-supported program.