Effects of Predator Diversity on the Strength of Trophic Cascades in an Oceanic Benthic Ecosystem
捕食者多样性对海洋底栖生态系统营养级联强度的影响
基本信息
- 批准号:1061475
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 62.89万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2011
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2011-03-15 至 2015-02-28
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Intellectual Merit. Predator diversity has decreased dramatically in the world's oceans due to overfishing, anthropogenic habitat destruction and possibly climate change. Yet, still unknown for most ecosystems is the importance of predator diversity and abundance for ecosystem functioning. One of the most pervasive community-wide consequences of top predators is the Trophic Cascade (TC), where herbivores are suppressed, which releases plants from consumption, thus increasing plant productivity. Recent studies have shown that the diversity of predators may reduce, increase, or have no effect on the strength of trophic cascades. The small number, to date, of experimental tests of predator diversity effects on cascade strength precludes broad generalizations vital to the development of predictive theory. Such research is limited by the lack of experimental realism due to the small number of predator species that can be manipulated in simplified mesocosms. Without more realistic species numbers, it is impossible to extrapolate results to natural ecosystems that experience losses of predator diversity. To meet these challenges, and to better understand the consequences of present and changing levels of predator diversity in marine ecosystems, a series of experimental manipulations will be conducted on natural levels of predator diversity and their herbivorous sea urchin prey. The hypotheses test the ultimate effects on benthic algae, as a measure of cascade strength in oceanic benthic ecosystems of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Because of years of protection from industrial fishing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and of local conservation protection as the GMR, there are diverse guilds of higher trophic level predators, such as large fish and sharks. Likewise, there is high diversity of intermediate-level fish and invertebrates that prey on sea urchins, creating an unusual opportunity for testing and developing predator diversity and Biodiversity Ecosystem Functioning theory. The overarching questions addressed in this project are: How do naturally occurring large ranges of oceanic predator diversity influence the strength of trophic cascades? and How does environmental variation and conservation protection influence these processes? The first question will be addressed in experiments manipulating both horizontal (within trophic level; urchin herbivores) and vertical (across trophic level; predators) consumer diversity and in another experiment manipulating the diversity of predatory fish and invertebrates guilds. The experiments employ open fenced treatments containing urchins but allowing access by fish and invertebrate predators of the urchins. To record natural levels of fish and invertebrate predator richness encountering the treatments, consuming the urchins and interacting with each other, the entire experimental layout will be video-recorded for up to several weeks at a time. The time-lapse cameras/lighting system is capable of day and night imaging without affecting predator behavior. A simplified manipulation to measure the influence of predator diversity on cascade strength will be replicated and video-recorded at 16 sites -- representing different levels of upwelling and conservation protection -- to place the mechanistic understanding gleaned from detailed experiments at local sites into a broader (mesoscale) context. Broader Impacts. Several major impacts of the proposed research on education are expected beyond the implications for conservation and ecosystem-based management. For instance, the program will provide hands-on training for one graduate student and two undergraduates in experimental ecology, sub-tidal community ecology, statistics, marine reserve science, scientific writing and oral presentation skills. The PI is committed to educational and public outreach activities beyond the typical use of the information gained on predators and food webs by using it to enhance lectures in his large undergraduate Ecology class at Brown University. One of these outreach activities is to help train the next generation of teacher leaders by collaborating with the Director of the Brown University's Masters in Teaching (MAT) program to offer a science internship for one MAT student per year. The general information on food webs, ecology of charismatic Galapagos megafuana and images of marine predators in action obtained from the time-lapse video would be shared with the MAT interns to inspire their lesson plans for elementary and high school students. In summary, the broader educational impacts of the proposed research will be to enhance the workforce of globally trained doctoral students in the life sciences, help prepare undergraduate students for graduate school in marine ecology, augment the training of the next generation of K-12 teachers and enhance the understanding of one of the most pressing environmental issues -- the ecosystem consequences of over-harvesting top predators and concomitant loss of predator diversity in the sea.
智力优点。 由于过度捕捞、人为栖息地破坏以及可能的气候变化,世界海洋中的捕食者多样性急剧下降。 然而,对于大多数生态系统来说,仍然不知道捕食者多样性和丰富度对生态系统功能的重要性。 顶级捕食者对整个社区最普遍的影响之一是营养级联(TC),食草动物受到抑制,从而释放植物的消耗,从而提高植物生产力。 最近的研究表明,捕食者的多样性可能会减少、增加或不影响营养级联的强度。 迄今为止,捕食者多样性对级联强度影响的实验测试数量很少,排除了对预测理论发展至关重要的广泛概括。 由于可以在简化的中生态系统中操纵的捕食者物种数量很少,因此此类研究缺乏实验现实性,因此受到限制。 如果没有更现实的物种数量,就不可能将结果推断到经历了捕食者多样性丧失的自然生态系统。 为了应对这些挑战,并更好地了解海洋生态系统中捕食者多样性当前和变化水平的后果,将对捕食者多样性及其草食海胆猎物的自然水平进行一系列实验操作。 这些假设测试了对底栖藻类的最终影响,作为加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区(GMR)海洋底栖生态系统级联强度的衡量标准。 由于多年来受到联合国教科文组织世界遗产地的工业捕捞保护,以及 GMR 的当地保护,这里有各种较高营养级掠食者的行会,例如大型鱼类和鲨鱼。 同样,捕食海胆的中级鱼类和无脊椎动物也具有高度多样性,为测试和发展捕食者多样性和生物多样性生态系统功能理论创造了一个不寻常的机会。 该项目解决的首要问题是:自然发生的大范围海洋捕食者多样性如何影响营养级联的强度?环境变化和保护如何影响这些过程?第一个问题将在操纵水平(营养级内;海胆食草动物)和垂直(跨营养级;捕食者)消费者多样性的实验以及操纵掠食性鱼类和无脊椎动物群落多样性的另一项实验中得到解决。 实验采用开放式围栏处理,其中包含海胆,但允许鱼类和海胆的无脊椎动物捕食者进入。 为了记录鱼类和无脊椎动物捕食者在处理过程中的自然丰富程度、海胆的食用情况以及彼此之间的相互作用,整个实验布局将被一次长达数周的视频记录。 延时摄像机/照明系统能够在白天和夜间成像,而不影响捕食者的行为。 测量捕食者多样性对级联强度影响的简化操作将在 16 个地点(代表不同水平的上升流和保护保护)进行复制和视频记录,以便将从当地地点的详细实验中收集到的机械理解置于更广泛的(中尺度)环境中。更广泛的影响。 拟议研究对教育的一些重大影响预计将超出对保护和基于生态系统的管理的影响。 例如,该项目将为一名研究生和两名本科生提供实验生态学、潮下群落生态学、统计学、海洋保护区科学、科学写作和口头表达技能等方面的实践培训。 PI 致力于教育和公共宣传活动,超越了从捕食者和食物网获得的信息的典型用途,即利用这些信息来加强布朗大学本科生生态学课程的讲授。其中一项外展活动是与布朗大学教学硕士 (MAT) 项目主任合作,每年为一名 MAT 学生提供科学实习机会,帮助培训下一代教师领导者。 从延时视频中获得的关于食物网、魅力加拉帕戈斯巨型动物的生态以及海洋捕食者行动图像的一般信息将与 MAT 实习生分享,以启发他们为中小学生制定课程计划。 总之,拟议研究的更广泛的教育影响将是增强生命科学领域受过全球培训的博士生队伍,帮助本科生为海洋生态学研究生院做好准备,加强对下一代 K-12 教师的培训,并增强对最紧迫的环境问题之一的理解——过度捕捞顶级捕食者和随之而来的捕食者多样性丧失对生态系统的影响。 海。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Jon Witman其他文献
Jon Witman的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Jon Witman', 18)}}的其他基金
RAPID: Illuminating the effects of a COVID-19 elimination of diver disturbance on reef fish behavior, distribution and ecosystem functioning in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
RAPID:阐明消除 COVID-19 潜水员干扰对加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区珊瑚礁鱼类行为、分布和生态系统功能的影响
- 批准号:
2035354 - 财政年份:2020
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
RAPID: Testing the ability of the 2015-2017 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to drive a community-level regime shift in the Galapagos marine ecosystem
RAPID:测试 2015-2017 年厄尔尼诺南方涛动 (ENSO) 推动加拉帕戈斯海洋生态系统社区层面政权转变的能力
- 批准号:
1623867 - 财政年份:2016
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
RAPID: Understanding Thresholds and regime shifts in marine ecosystems: effects of the 2014-2015 El Nino in the Galapagos rocky subtidal
RAPID:了解海洋生态系统的阈值和状态转变:2014-2015 年厄尔尼诺现象对加拉帕戈斯岩石潮下带的影响
- 批准号:
1450214 - 财政年份:2014
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
International Research Experiences for Students (IRES): Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
学生国际研究经验(IRES):加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区的生物多样性和生态系统功能
- 批准号:
0651325 - 财政年份:2007
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
SGER: Effects of the 2006-2007 El Nino on ecosystem functioning in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Impact and Resistence
SGER:2006-2007 年厄尔尼诺现象对加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区生态系统功能的影响:影响和抵抗力
- 批准号:
0715361 - 财政年份:2007
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Developing a Regional Context for Rocky Subtidal Communities: Upwelling, Biotic Interactions and Diversity Regulation in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
为岩石潮下群落开发区域背景:加拉帕戈斯海洋保护区的上升流、生物相互作用和多样性调节
- 批准号:
0222092 - 财政年份:2002
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Dissertation Research: Gulls as Cross-ecosystem Links in New England Coastal Communities.
论文研究:海鸥作为新英格兰沿海社区跨生态系统的联系。
- 批准号:
0206609 - 财政年份:2002
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
How Important are Regional Processes in Determining the Local Species Richness of Marine Communities
区域过程在确定海洋群落当地物种丰富度方面有多重要
- 批准号:
9730647 - 财政年份:1998
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
SGER: Effect of an Unusual, Large-Scale Recruitment of Blue Mussels in the Gulf of Maine Rocky Subtidal Zone
SGER:缅因湾岩石潮下带异常大规模蓝贻贝补充的影响
- 批准号:
9614216 - 财政年份:1996
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Development of a Variable Flow Seawater Flume and High- Speed Video Imaging System
变流海水水槽及高速视频成像系统的研制
- 批准号:
9512348 - 财政年份:1995
- 资助金额:
$ 62.89万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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