RAPID: Field Reconnaissance of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami Earthquake Offshore Sumatra

该快速反应研究补助金（RAPID）为一个由8名调查人员和3至4名研究生组成的团队提供旅行和实地支持，对2010年10月25日明打威群岛近海苏门答腊地震和海啸进行勘察。 2010年10月25日，一场7.7级地震引发海啸，影响了明打威群岛和印度尼西亚群岛苏门答腊岛西部的部分海岸。据最新估计，海啸造成的死亡人数超过450人。这是过去五年来全球海啸死亡人数最多的一次。 在2004年苏门答腊-安达曼、2005年尼亚斯和2007年本库鲁地震后，苏门答腊西部海岸线及其近海岛屿沿着海啸危险一再被确认。 最近于2010年5月启动了关于明打威群岛本身的教育方案和外联讲座。 2010年10月，太平洋海啸预警中心（PTWC）在几分钟内发布了警告。 最初的媒体报道和当地科学家的一些估计涉及超过7米的助跑高度和长达1公里的淹没距离。 在重大自然和人为事件发生后进行的灾后勘察，对事件的特征以及遭受这些灾难性事件的自然和建筑基础设施的性能产生了重要的新见解。现场调查将进行十天以上，包括根据需要租用越野车，船和飞机。 现场活动将包括收集易腐烂的数据，这些数据将结合数值模型结果组装成一个综合的多尺度、地理参考的海啸破坏和洪水区特征数据库。 实地调查将收集数据，以解决以下研究课题。首先，明打威地震福尔斯属于海啸地震的范畴，它只占海啸地震的1/10到1/100。海啸社区缺乏适当的缩放功能的海啸助跑与海啸地震。 第二，据报道，明打威群岛上有滑坡陡坎。影响区似乎是高度局部化的，近海地震可能引发了山体滑坡产生的叠加海啸。需要确定到达时间，并根据数值模型预测进行验证，以排除由于单独的海底滑坡海啸而导致的当地提前到达。需要对淹没高度的分布进行量化，以确定是否发生了海啸海底滑坡。第三，也是最后一点，在国际海啸信息中心的名单服务器上张贴了几个动画，并附有初步预测。收集高质量的洪水测量数据将使社区能够推断不同数值模型的预测能力，并评估其在洪水绘图和业务预测方面的潜在用途。 作为实地研究的一部分，研究小组将调查为什么死亡人数如此之高，鉴于最近安装的德国-印度尼西亚海啸预警系统（TEWS）和PTWC的作用。 实地工作队将在所调查的村庄举办教育和外联讲座及情况介绍会。

This Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award provides travel and field support for a team of eight investigators and three to four graduate students to conduct a reconnaissance survey of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands offshore Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. On 25 October 2010, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake triggered a tsunami which impacted the Mentawai Islands and parts of the coast of western Sumatra in the Indonesian archipelago. The most recent estimate of the human toll from the tsunami exceeds 450. This is the highest tsunami death toll worldwide during the past five years. The tsunami hazard along the coastline of western Sumatra and its offshore islands has been identified repeatedly after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman, 2005 Nias, and 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes. Educational programs have been initiated and outreach lectures given on the Mentawai Islands themselves as recent as May 2010. With the October 2010 occurrence, a warning was issued within minutes by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC). Initial media reports and some estimates from local scientists relate run-up heights in excess of 7 meters and inundation distances up to 1 kilometer. Post disaster reconnaissance following major natural and anthropogenic events has yielded significant new insights into both the characteristics of the events as well as the performance of natural and built infrastructure subjected to these catastrophic events.The field survey be conducted over ten days and includes rental of off-road vehicles, boats, and aircraft as needed. The field activities will include collection of perishable data that will be assembled into a comprehensive multi-scale, geo-referenced data base of tsunami damage and flood zone characteristics combined with numerical model results. The field investigation will gather data to address the following research topics. First, the Mentawai earthquake falls into the category of tsunami earthquakes, which represent only about 1/10 to 1/100 of tsunamigenic earthquakes. The tsunami community lacks proper scaling functions for the tsunami run-up associated with tsunami earthquakes. Second, landslide scarps have been reported on the Mentawai Islands. The impact zone appears to be highly localized, and the offshore earthquake may have triggered superimposed tsunamis generated by landslides. The arrival times need to be determined and validated against numerical model predictions to exclude local early arrivals due to separate submarine landslide tsunamis. The distribution of inundation heights needs to be quantified to determine whether tsunamigenic submarine landsliding occurred. Third, and finally, several animations with run-up projections have been posted on the International Tsunami Information Center list-servers. Collecting high quality inundation measurements will allow the community to infer the predictive capability of different numerical models and evaluate their potential uses for inundation mapping and operational forecasts. As part of the field study, the research team will investigate why the death toll was so high from this event, given the recently installed German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) and the role of PTWC. The field team will give education and outreach lectures and briefings at villages surveyed.