RAPID: Field Reconnaissance of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami Earthquake Offshore Sumatra

这一快速反应研究奖助金(RAPID)为一个由8名调查人员和3至4名研究生组成的团队提供旅行和实地支持，以对2010年10月25日苏门答腊岛近海的明打威群岛地震和海啸进行侦察调查。2010年10月25日，7.7级地震引发海啸，影响了明打威群岛和印度尼西亚群岛苏门答腊岛西部沿海的部分地区。据最新估计，海啸造成的死亡人数超过450人。这是过去五年来全球海啸死亡人数最多的一次。在2004年苏门答腊-安达曼、2005年尼亚斯和2007年本库鲁地震之后，苏门答腊岛西部及其近海岛屿的海岸线上的海啸危险被反复确认。关于明打威群岛本身的教育方案和外展讲座直到2010年5月才开始实施。2010年10月发生海啸后，太平洋海啸预警中心(PTWC)在几分钟内发布了警报。最初的媒体报道和当地科学家的一些估计表明，洪水的上升高度超过7米，洪水淹没距离高达1公里。对重大自然和人为事件的灾后勘察已经对事件的特征以及遭受这些灾难事件的自然和已建基础设施的性能产生了重要的新见解。现场调查将进行10天，包括根据需要租用越野车辆、船只和飞机。实地活动将包括收集易腐烂的数据，这些数据将汇编成一个综合的多尺度、以地理为参照的海啸破坏和洪泛区特征数据库，并结合数值模型结果。实地调查将收集数据，以解决以下研究课题。首先，明打威地震属于海啸地震的范畴，仅占海啸地震的十分之一到十分之一。海啸社区缺乏适当的尺度函数来应对与海啸地震相关的海啸抬头。第二，据报道明打威群岛出现了山体滑坡。冲击区似乎是高度局部化的，近海地震可能引发了山体滑坡引发的叠加海啸。需要确定到达时间，并根据数值模式的预测进行验证，以排除因单独的海底滑坡海啸而导致的当地早期到达。需要量化淹没高度的分布，以确定是否发生了海啸引发的海底滑坡。第三，也是最后一点，一些带有助跑投影的动画已经发布在国际海啸信息中心的服务器列表上。收集高质量的淹没测量将使社区能够推断不同数字模式的预测能力，并评估其在洪水测绘和业务预报中的潜在用途。作为实地研究的一部分，考虑到最近安装的德国-印度尼西亚海啸预警系统(TEWS)和PTWC的作用，研究小组将调查为什么这次事件的死亡人数如此之高。实地工作队将在被调查的村庄进行教育和外展讲座和情况介绍。

This Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award provides travel and field support for a team of eight investigators and three to four graduate students to conduct a reconnaissance survey of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands offshore Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. On 25 October 2010, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake triggered a tsunami which impacted the Mentawai Islands and parts of the coast of western Sumatra in the Indonesian archipelago. The most recent estimate of the human toll from the tsunami exceeds 450. This is the highest tsunami death toll worldwide during the past five years. The tsunami hazard along the coastline of western Sumatra and its offshore islands has been identified repeatedly after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman, 2005 Nias, and 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes. Educational programs have been initiated and outreach lectures given on the Mentawai Islands themselves as recent as May 2010. With the October 2010 occurrence, a warning was issued within minutes by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC). Initial media reports and some estimates from local scientists relate run-up heights in excess of 7 meters and inundation distances up to 1 kilometer. Post disaster reconnaissance following major natural and anthropogenic events has yielded significant new insights into both the characteristics of the events as well as the performance of natural and built infrastructure subjected to these catastrophic events.The field survey be conducted over ten days and includes rental of off-road vehicles, boats, and aircraft as needed. The field activities will include collection of perishable data that will be assembled into a comprehensive multi-scale, geo-referenced data base of tsunami damage and flood zone characteristics combined with numerical model results. The field investigation will gather data to address the following research topics. First, the Mentawai earthquake falls into the category of tsunami earthquakes, which represent only about 1/10 to 1/100 of tsunamigenic earthquakes. The tsunami community lacks proper scaling functions for the tsunami run-up associated with tsunami earthquakes. Second, landslide scarps have been reported on the Mentawai Islands. The impact zone appears to be highly localized, and the offshore earthquake may have triggered superimposed tsunamis generated by landslides. The arrival times need to be determined and validated against numerical model predictions to exclude local early arrivals due to separate submarine landslide tsunamis. The distribution of inundation heights needs to be quantified to determine whether tsunamigenic submarine landsliding occurred. Third, and finally, several animations with run-up projections have been posted on the International Tsunami Information Center list-servers. Collecting high quality inundation measurements will allow the community to infer the predictive capability of different numerical models and evaluate their potential uses for inundation mapping and operational forecasts. As part of the field study, the research team will investigate why the death toll was so high from this event, given the recently installed German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) and the role of PTWC. The field team will give education and outreach lectures and briefings at villages surveyed.