RAPID: Field Reconnaissance of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami Earthquake Offshore Sumatra

RAPID：2010 年 10 月 25 日明打威群岛海啸地震苏门答腊岛近海现场勘察

• 批准号: 1105577
• 负责人: Hermann Fritz
• 金额: $ 4.98万
• 依托单位: Georgia Tech Research Corporation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-12-01 至 2011-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1105577&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Field; Reconnaissance; 25; October

This Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award provides travel and field support for a team of eight investigators and three to four graduate students to conduct a reconnaissance survey of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands offshore Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. On 25 October 2010, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake triggered a tsunami which impacted the Mentawai Islands and parts of the coast of western Sumatra in the Indonesian archipelago. The most recent estimate of the human toll from the tsunami exceeds 450. This is the highest tsunami death toll worldwide during the past five years. The tsunami hazard along the coastline of western Sumatra and its offshore islands has been identified repeatedly after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman, 2005 Nias, and 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes. Educational programs have been initiated and outreach lectures given on the Mentawai Islands themselves as recent as May 2010. With the October 2010 occurrence, a warning was issued within minutes by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC). Initial media reports and some estimates from local scientists relate run-up heights in excess of 7 meters and inundation distances up to 1 kilometer. Post disaster reconnaissance following major natural and anthropogenic events has yielded significant new insights into both the characteristics of the events as well as the performance of natural and built infrastructure subjected to these catastrophic events.The field survey be conducted over ten days and includes rental of off-road vehicles, boats, and aircraft as needed. The field activities will include collection of perishable data that will be assembled into a comprehensive multi-scale, geo-referenced data base of tsunami damage and flood zone characteristics combined with numerical model results. The field investigation will gather data to address the following research topics. First, the Mentawai earthquake falls into the category of tsunami earthquakes, which represent only about 1/10 to 1/100 of tsunamigenic earthquakes. The tsunami community lacks proper scaling functions for the tsunami run-up associated with tsunami earthquakes. Second, landslide scarps have been reported on the Mentawai Islands. The impact zone appears to be highly localized, and the offshore earthquake may have triggered superimposed tsunamis generated by landslides. The arrival times need to be determined and validated against numerical model predictions to exclude local early arrivals due to separate submarine landslide tsunamis. The distribution of inundation heights needs to be quantified to determine whether tsunamigenic submarine landsliding occurred. Third, and finally, several animations with run-up projections have been posted on the International Tsunami Information Center list-servers. Collecting high quality inundation measurements will allow the community to infer the predictive capability of different numerical models and evaluate their potential uses for inundation mapping and operational forecasts. As part of the field study, the research team will investigate why the death toll was so high from this event, given the recently installed German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) and the role of PTWC. The field team will give education and outreach lectures and briefings at villages surveyed.

这项快速反应研究（Rapid）资助为一个由8名调查人员和3到4名研究生组成的小组提供旅行和现场支持，以对2010年10月25日明打威群岛近海苏门答腊岛地震和海啸进行侦察调查。2010年10月25日，一场7.7级地震引发海啸，影响了明打威群岛和印度尼西亚群岛西苏门答腊岛的部分海岸。海啸造成的最新死亡人数估计超过450人。这是过去五年来全球海啸死亡人数最多的一次。在2004年苏门答腊-安达曼地震、2005年尼亚斯地震和2007年明古鲁地震之后，西苏门答腊海岸线及其近海岛屿的海啸危险已被反复确认。最近于2010年5月在明打威群岛发起了教育计划，并举办了外联讲座。2010年10月，太平洋海啸预警中心（PTWC）在几分钟内就发出了警报。最初的媒体报道和当地科学家的一些估计表明，上升高度超过7米，淹没距离达1公里。在重大自然和人为事件之后进行灾后侦察，对这些事件的特征以及遭受这些灾难性事件的自然和建筑基础设施的性能产生了重要的新见解。实地调查将进行10天以上，并根据需要租用越野车辆、船只和飞机。实地活动将包括收集易腐烂的数据，这些数据将与数值模型结果结合起来，汇编成海啸损害和洪水地区特征的综合多尺度地理参考数据库。实地调查将收集数据，以解决以下研究课题。首先，明打威地震属于海啸地震，海啸地震只占海啸型地震的1/10到1/100左右。海啸社区缺乏与海啸地震相关的海啸上升的适当缩放功能。第二，据报道，明打威群岛出现了山体滑坡。影响区似乎高度局部化，近海地震可能引发了由山体滑坡引发的叠加海啸。到达时间需要根据数值模型预测来确定和验证，以排除由于单独的海底滑坡海啸而导致的局部提前到达。需要对淹没高度的分布进行量化，以确定是否发生了引发海啸的海底滑坡。第三，也是最后，国际海啸信息中心的列表服务器上已经发布了几个带有上升投影的动画。收集高质量的洪水测量数据，可让市民推断不同数值模型的预测能力，并评估其在洪水绘图和业务预报方面的潜在用途。作为实地研究的一部分，考虑到最近安装的德国-印度尼西亚海啸预警系统（TEWS）和PTWC的作用，研究小组将调查为什么这次事件的死亡人数如此之高。实地小组将在被调查的村庄进行教育和外联讲座和简报。