RAPID: Reconnaissance of the 11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan Tsunami

2011年3月11日，日本东北近海发生9.0级地震，引发了跨太平洋海啸，对整个流域造成了不同程度的影响。这次地震和海啸的规模在日本1,000多年的漫长历史记录中是前所未有的。 该奖项支持一个侦察调查小组，调查这场海啸对日本、太平洋岛屿和美国西部沿着的影响。该小组将与仙台东北大学、东京大学和港口与机场研究所的日本研究人员一起进行侦察，并与联合国教科文组织组织的国际海啸调查小组协调。 2011年在日本发生的事件提供了一个独特的研究机会，因为现在有三个历史性的海啸对同一个三陆海岸线产生了重大影响，这可能有助于区分构造和潜在的叠加滑坡海啸源。需要重新审视海啸来源以及从海啸沉积物（如869事件）推断的历史和地质事件的规模。该奖项支持的海啸调查小组将收集高质量的洪水测量数据，使研究界能够推断不同海啸模型的预测能力。 海啸目击者视频将在现场进行校准，以提取水流深度和速度的时间序列。 所获得的现场数据将与过去实验项目收集的现有实验室数据进行密切分析。 项目的主要交付成果将是一个综合的多尺度、地理参照数据库，其中包括海啸破坏和洪水区特征以及数值模型结果。将在所调查的村庄和访谈的目击者中举办教育和外联讲座和情况介绍会。勘察队将与教科文组织领导的国际海啸调查队协调。对一个估计为1,000年一遇的事件进行海啸侦察，将改变海啸建模和减灾工作，其影响超出工程学的范围。 重大自然事件发生后的灾后勘察对事件的特征以及受这些灾难性事件影响的地貌和基础设施的行为产生了重要的新见解。通过对东北海啸的研究，研究人员可能能够了解这场灾难造成大量死亡的原因。测量和观察还将提供重要信息，这些信息将用于影响疏散和建筑程序，以防止日本和世界其他易受海啸影响的地区发生生命损失和财产损失，例如卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带产生的海啸对社区的影响。沿着美国太平洋西北部和北方加州海岸线。

The 11 March 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake off Tohoku in Japan triggered a transpacific tsunami that had basin-wide impact of varying severity. Both the earthquake and tsunami magnitudes are unprecedented in Japan's long historical records of over 1,000 years. This award supports a reconnaissance survey team to investigate the effects of this tsunami along coastlines in Japan, the Pacific Islands, and the western United States. The team will conduct the reconnaissance with Japanese researchers from Tohoku University in Sendai, the University of Tokyo, and the Port and Airport Research Institute, and coordinate with the UNESCO-organized International Tsunami Survey Team. The 2011 event in Japan presents a unique research opportunity since there are now three historic tsunamis with significant impact on the same Sanriku coastline, which may allow differentiating between tectonic and potentially superimposed landslide tsunami sources. The tsunami sources and magnitudes of historic and geologic events inferred from tsunami deposits such as the 869 event need to be revisited. The tsunami survey team supported on this award will collect high quality inundation measurements that will allow the research community to infer the predictive capability of different tsunami models. Tsunami eyewitness videos will be calibrated in situ to extract time series of flow depth and velocity. The obtained field data will be analyzed closely with the existing laboratory data collected by past experimental projects. The primary project deliverable will be a comprehensive multi-scale, geo-referenced database of tsunami damage and flood zone characteristics combined with numerical model results. Education and outreach lectures and briefings will be given at villages surveyed and to eyewitnesses interviewed. The reconnaissance team will coordinate with the UNESCO-led International Tsunami Survey Team. Tsunami reconnaissance of an estimated 1,000-year event will transform tsunami modeling and mitigation with broad implications beyond engineering. Post-disaster reconnaissance following major natural events has yielded significant new insights into both the characteristics of the events as well as the behavior of landforms and performance of infrastructure subjected to these catastrophic events. Through such research into the Tohoku tsunami, researchers may be able to understand the causes of the significant death toll that resulted from this disaster. The measurements and observations will also provide important information that will be used to influence both evacuation and building procedures for the prevention of loss of life and property damage in Japan and in other areas of the world susceptible to tsunamis, such as the impact of a tsunami generated on the Cascadia subduction zone on communities along the U.S. Pacific Northwest and northern California coastlines.