Self- and Other-Knowledge of Dynamic Personality Processes

动态人格过程的自我和他人知识

• 批准号: 1125553
• 负责人: Joshua Jackson
• 金额: $ 30万
• 依托单位: Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-01 至 2016-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1125553&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Self; Other; Knowledge; Dynamic; Personality

The aim of this proposal is to examine how much people know about the fluctuations in their own personality. Do people know how much their personality fluctuates? Do they know how their personality has changed? Are others sometimes more accurate at detecting these fluctuations than we are ourselves? These personality processes are at the core of who a person is -- to understand someone (or oneself) is to understand the psychological dynamics that make a person who she is. Personality research, however, has focused almost exclusively on global dispositions -- what a person is typically like. This overlooks the nuances of personality -- how people vary across situations and over time. How much insight do people have into these dynamic personality processes? When and why do others sometimes have greater insight into these aspects of personality than does the person him- or herself? The research proposed here will compare self- and other-perceptions of these core aspects of personality with objective, naturalistic criterion measures.One unique feature of the research proposed here is that it will capitalize on technological advances to include naturalistic measures of behaviors and situations. Naturalistic, non-reactive measures of everyday behavior can be obtained using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). The EAR consists of a small, pocket-sized digital audio recorder worn by participants that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds, resulting in an objective, ecologically-valid measure of everyday behavior.Study 1 will examine the accuracy of people's own views of their personality fluctuation and of ratings of their personality fluctuation by people who know them well (i.e., friends and family). This study will then use the EAR and Experience Sampling Methods (ESM) to obtain objective measures of participants' actual fluctuations in personality. These results will shed light on whether people are aware of the variability in their own and others' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Study 2 will follow a group of participants over four years to examine the accuracy of their own and close others' perceptions of how their personality changes. By using repeated EAR and ESM assessments, this study should reveal whether people are aware of changes in their personality over time. The research proposed here has important theoretical implications. Determining how well people understand their own personality processes will help scientists understand the extent to which these processes operate at a conscious or unconscious level. Questions about when one should or should not trust self-perceptions are of abiding interest to our social species. In addition, this research could ultimately help psychologists design interventions to improve self-knowledge, a central goal of psychological inquiry and practice. Finally, this research will have important implications for anyone relying on self-reports to measure behavior. This line of research should lead to an empirically-validated model to guide researchers' and practitioners' decisions about when to use self- or informant-based reports.This grant would help promote the involvement of underrepresented groups in scientific research by supporting a research team from a wide variety of backgrounds.

这项建议的目的是调查人们对自己性格的波动了解多少。人们知道他们的性格波动有多大吗？ 他们知道自己的性格发生了怎样的变化吗？ 在检测这些波动方面，别人有时会比我们自己更准确吗？这些人格过程是一个人是谁的核心--理解某人（或自己）就是理解使一个人成为她自己的心理动力。然而，人格研究几乎完全集中在整体倾向上--一个人的典型性格。这忽略了个性的细微差别--人们如何随着时间和环境的变化而变化。 人们对这些动态人格过程有多少洞察力？什么时候以及为什么别人有时比这个人自己更能洞察人格的这些方面？本研究将用客观的、自然主义的标准测量来比较人格的这些核心方面的自我和他人感知，本研究的一个独特之处在于，它将利用技术进步来包括行为和情境的自然主义测量。使用电子激活记录器（Electronically Activated Recorder，简称EARR）可以获得自然的、非反应性的日常行为测量。研究1将检验人们对自己性格波动的看法的准确性，以及熟悉他们的人对他们性格波动的评价的准确性（即，朋友和家人）。然后，本研究将使用经验抽样方法（ESM）来获得参与者的实际人格波动的客观测量。这些结果将揭示人们是否意识到自己和他人的思想，感受和行为的可变性。研究2将对一组参与者进行为期四年的跟踪调查，以检查他们自己和其他人对他们性格变化的看法的准确性。通过使用重复的自我评估和ESM评估，这项研究应该揭示人们是否意识到他们的个性随着时间的推移而发生的变化。 本文的研究具有重要的理论意义。确定人们对自己的人格过程的理解程度将有助于科学家了解这些过程在有意识或无意识层面上的运作程度。关于一个人何时应该或不应该相信自我感知的问题是我们社会物种的持久兴趣。此外，这项研究最终可以帮助心理学家设计干预措施，以提高自我认识，这是心理调查和实践的中心目标。最后，这项研究将对任何依赖自我报告来衡量行为的人产生重要影响。这一系列研究应该会产生一个经过经验验证的模型，以指导研究人员和从业者决定何时使用基于自我或基于线人的报告。这笔拨款将通过支持来自不同背景的研究团队，帮助促进代表性不足的群体参与科学研究。