Quantifying Near-Surface Patterns of Bedrock Fractures and Assessing Controls on Fracture Formation.
量化基岩裂缝的近地表模式并评估裂缝形成的控制。
基本信息
- 批准号:1227228
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 17.16万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2012
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2012-09-01 至 2015-08-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
The primary goal of this study is to further develop, calibrate, and test a seismic refraction-based methodology to investigate subsurface rock-strength properties and fracture distributions. The strength and coherence of rocks play key roles in shaping landscapes, resisting erosion, and modulating landslide hazards. The key factor, however, is not the strength of intact rock, but rather the effective strength of the entire rock-mass at the surface where it interacts with climatic, hillslope, and biotic variables. This effective strength is modulated by the development of fractures that weaken the rock mass and make it more susceptible to erosion, physical and chemical weathering, biologic activity, or collapse. To delineate variations in fracture density in the shallow subsurface, a promising, but largely unexplored methodology combines shallow seismic refraction surveys of bedrock outcrops with laboratory analyses of ?intact? samples. Initial results indicate two common fracture patterns versus depth: rock that is uniformly fractured (apparently by large-scale tectonic forces); and rock with a distinct fracture gradient in an upper layer (apparently due to climatic and biotic fracturing processes) that overlies a much stronger, less fractured lower layer. Although very promising, this methodology needs to be refined, tested, and explored more thoroughly. Hence the goal of this study. By focusing the method development and calibration on artificial and natural bedrock exposures that permit detailed observation, measurement, and sampling of fracture properties, the seismically-derived results can be tested and validated by direct comparison to field observations. With an improved calibration in hand, two fundamental questions about near-surface fracturing will be investigated: how do near-surface fracture patterns vary both with depth and spatially across the landscape; and what are the dominant controls on near-surface fracture formation? In a mountainous field site in Colorado, the relative importance of (i) freeze-thaw processes in causing rock fracturing versus (ii) gravitational forces that cause fracturing due to hillslope steepness and curvature will be investigated. Why do landslides occur on some hillslopes, but not on others of equal steepness? Why do parts of the landscape erode much more quickly than other, similar appearing areas? One key control on erosion or collapse of hillslopes is the strength of the underlying rock. Whereas various rock types typically have different intrinsic strengths (a granite versus a mudstone, for example), the density of fractures in a rock also exerts a fundamental control on its strength: higher fracture densities and greater connectivity among the fractures weaken a rock and increase its susceptiblility to landsliding or erosion. Recent research suggests that fracture densities are at least as important as intrinsic rock strength in controlling hillslope stability. Despite the importance of rock fracturing for hillslope stability, methodologies for quantifying fracture densities have remained elusive: commonly the bedrock is hidden under a layer of soil, and even when exposed, only fractures on the topmost surface of the bedrock are visible. A promising, new approach uses shallow seismic surveys to probe the top 10-20 m of a hillslope and convert variations in seismic velocity with depth into changes in fracture density with depth. This research will explore this nascent technology by testing and calibrating it in natural and artificial bedrock exposures where the fracture density has been previously quantified. Subsequently, this shallow seismic methodology (which uses backpack-able portable arrays) will be used to test how variations in (i) the intensity and frequency of freeze-thaw processes and (ii) hillslope curvature and steepness influence the density and depth of rock fracturing. The overall goal is to improve our ability to efficiently assess both hillslope vulnerability to erosion or failure by landsliding and the impact of plants, weather, and topography on hillslope stability and bedrock fracturing.
本研究的主要目标是进一步开发、校准和测试基于地震折射的方法,以研究地下岩石强度特性和裂缝分布。 岩石的强度和连贯性在塑造景观、抵抗侵蚀和调节滑坡灾害方面发挥着关键作用。然而,关键因素不是完整岩石的强度,而是整个岩体在表面与气候、山坡和生物变量相互作用的有效强度。这种有效强度是通过裂缝的发展来调节的,裂缝的发展削弱了岩体,使其更容易受到侵蚀、物理和化学风化、生物活动或崩塌的影响。为了描绘浅层地下裂缝密度的变化,一种有前途但很大程度上尚未探索的方法将基岩露头的浅层地震折射调查与“完整”的实验室分析结合起来。样品。初步结果表明两种常见的断裂模式与深度的关系:均匀断裂的岩石(显然是由大规模构造力造成的);上层岩石具有明显的断裂梯度(显然是由于气候和生物断裂过程),其覆盖在更坚固、断裂更少的下层上。尽管很有希望,但这种方法需要更彻底地完善、测试和探索。这就是本研究的目标。通过将方法开发和校准重点放在允许对裂缝特性进行详细观察、测量和采样的人工和天然基岩暴露上,可以通过与现场观测的直接比较来测试和验证地震得出的结果。通过改进的校准,将研究有关近地表断裂的两个基本问题:近地表断裂模式如何随深度和整个景观的空间变化?近地表裂缝形成的主要控制因素是什么?在科罗拉多州的一个山区现场,将研究 (i) 冻融过程导致岩石破裂与 (ii) 由于山坡陡度和曲率导致破裂的重力的相对重要性。为什么有些山坡会发生山体滑坡,而其他同样陡峭的山坡却不会发生山体滑坡?为什么部分景观的侵蚀速度比其他类似区域快得多?控制山坡侵蚀或塌陷的关键之一是下伏岩石的强度。尽管不同的岩石类型通常具有不同的内在强度(例如花岗岩与泥岩),但岩石中的裂缝密度也对其强度产生根本性的控制:较高的裂缝密度和裂缝之间较大的连通性会削弱岩石并增加其对滑坡或侵蚀的敏感性。最近的研究表明,在控制山坡稳定性方面,裂缝密度至少与岩石内在强度一样重要。尽管岩石破裂对于山坡稳定性很重要,但量化裂缝密度的方法仍然难以捉摸:通常基岩隐藏在一层土壤下,即使暴露在外,也只能看到基岩最上表面的裂缝。一种有前途的新方法使用浅层地震勘测来探测山坡顶部 10-20 m,并将地震速度随深度的变化转换为裂缝密度随深度的变化。这项研究将通过在天然和人造基岩暴露中测试和校准这项新兴技术来探索这一新兴技术,其中裂缝密度先前已被量化。随后,这种浅层地震方法(使用背包式便携式阵列)将用于测试(i)冻融过程的强度和频率以及(ii)山坡曲率和陡度的变化如何影响岩石破裂的密度和深度。总体目标是提高我们有效评估山坡因滑坡而遭受侵蚀或破坏的脆弱性以及植物、天气和地形对山坡稳定性和基岩破裂的影响的能力。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Brian Clarke其他文献
BACE-1 hydroxyethylamine inhibitors using novel edge-to-face interaction with Arg-296
- DOI:
10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.111 - 发表时间:
2010-08-01 - 期刊:
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Brian Clarke;Leanne Cutler;Emmanuel Demont;Colin Dingwall;Rachel Dunsdon;Julie Hawkins;Colin Howes;Ishrut Hussain;Graham Maile;Rosalie Matico;Julie Mosley;Alan Naylor;Alistair O’Brien;Sally Redshaw;Paul Rowland;Virginie Soleil;Kathrine J. Smith;Sharon Sweitzer;Pam Theobald;David Vesey - 通讯作者:
David Vesey
Hub-and-spoke model for thrombectomy service in UK NHS practice
- DOI:
10.7861/clinmed.2020-0579 - 发表时间:
2021-01-01 - 期刊:
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Liqun Zhang;Ayokunle Ogungbemi;Sarah Trippier;Brian Clarke;Usman Khan;Claire Hall;Qiuhong Ji;Andrew Clifton;Gillian Cluckie - 通讯作者:
Gillian Cluckie
Gaussian measures on the of space of Riemannian metrics
- DOI:
10.1007/s40316-015-0037-3 - 发表时间:
2015-09-18 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0.400
- 作者:
Brian Clarke;Dmitry Jakobson;Niky Kamran;Lior Silberman;Jonathan Taylor - 通讯作者:
Jonathan Taylor
Guiding Cardiac Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Ethics Shapes Our Health System Response
- DOI:
10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.002 - 发表时间:
2020-08-01 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:
- 作者:
Alice Virani;Gurmeet Singh;David Bewick;Chi-Ming Chow;Brian Clarke;Simone Cowan;Christopher B. Fordyce;Anne Fournier;Kenneth Gin;Anil Gupta;Sean Hardiman;Simon Jackson;Yoan Lamarche;Benny Lau;Jean-François Légaré;Howard Leong-Poi;Samer Mansour;Ariane Marelli;Ata Quraishi;Idan Roifman - 通讯作者:
Idan Roifman
Initial Canadian Experience With Bilateral Minithoracotomy Approach for HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
- DOI:
10.1016/j.cjco.2019.04.004 - 发表时间:
2019-09-01 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:
- 作者:
Vishnu Vasanthan;Daniel Holloway;Brian Clarke;William Kent - 通讯作者:
William Kent
Brian Clarke的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Brian Clarke', 18)}}的其他基金
Collaborative Research: Differentiating Between Lithologic and Baselevel Controls on River Profiles: Canyons of the Colorado Plateau
合作研究:区分河流剖面的岩性和基准面控制:科罗拉多高原的峡谷
- 批准号:
1324627 - 财政年份:2013
- 资助金额:
$ 17.16万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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