Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Lithic Technological Organization during the Lower Magdalenian of Vasco-Cantabrian Spain

在Lawrence Guy Straus博士(Pi)的指导下，Lisa M.Fontes(co-Pi)将研究西班牙北部五个下马格达勒尼亚(约17-14,500年前)放射性碳考古遗址的石器：阿尔塔米拉、埃尔米隆、El Juyo、El Rascaño和Ekain。收集的数据将被用来探索人类对坎塔布里亚地区在上一次冰川盛期后立即出现的严酷、寒冷但多变的气候的技术适应问题。该项目将扩大考古学对史前狩猎-采集行为的了解，特别是作为成功的适应系统的一部分，人们如何组织收集和运输原材料以及制造、使用和丢弃他们的工具。这项研究有两个目标：(1)更多地了解人类如何在马格达勒尼亚时期适应不同的环境环境，当时一个以独特的石器和骨骼文物和艺术为特征的地区文化蓬勃发展；(2)通过将强有力的理论方法(人类行为生态学)和分析石器文物(包括工具和制造碎片)的新分析方法与直接的景观水平比较相结合，拓宽考古学家理解石器时代人类行为的视角。这些方法将建立在先前的马格达林研究的基础上，这些研究提供了对该地区和时间段人类行为的一般理解。联合PI假设，技术组织基于生态区差异而在地点和环境上有所不同，但总体上是适应性稳定的。通过这项研究，考古学家将能够解释马格达林时期石器技术与整体人类行为的关系。除了对马格达勒尼亚狩猎采集者的人类学知识的贡献外，该项目还将产生更广泛的影响。通过在西班牙为期一年的研究，该联合PI将促进居住在美国和欧洲的研究人员之间的国际研究合作，这些研究人员研究的是坎塔布里亚马格达勒尼亚人。她的工作成果将通过同行评议的期刊出版物、在地方、地区和专业会议上的陈述、为公众编写的项目网站以及在线档案馆tDAR(数字考古记录)向科学界和公众传播。这一研究项目将是为该合作伙伴成为一名专业考古学家做准备的关键。此外，这位合作者将把她的研究成果应用到她未来在美国的教学中，这是她致力于的目标。收集到的数据将用于帮助对本科生进行考古方法培训。通过传播项目成果，合作项目将努力提高公众对人类学、考古学和社会科学方法论的理解。该项目将有助于正在进行的关于史前民族如何利用技术作为适应的重要手段的讨论；这与当前关于人类如何在全球化世界中利用其技术的辩论有关。通过这样的研究，考古学家可以将对过去技术适应的理解应用到人类必须考虑技术和资源管理的长期影响的当前情况。

Under the guidance of Dr. Lawrence Guy Straus (PI), Lisa M. Fontes (co-PI) will study stone artifacts from five Lower Magdalenian (c. 17-14,500 radiocarbon years ago) archaeological sites in northern Atlantic Spain: Altamira, El Mirón, El Juyo, El Rascaño, and Ekain. Data collected will be used to explore questions of human technological adaptations to the harsh, cold, but variable climate in the Cantabrian region immediately following the Last Glacial Maximum. This project will expand archaeological understanding of prehistoric hunter-gatherer behavior, specifically how people organized the collection and transport of raw materials and the manufacture, use and discard of their tools as part of a successful adaptive system. This research has two objectives: (1) to learn more about how humans adapted their stone technologies to diverse environmental circumstances during the Magdalenian, a time when a regional culture, characterized by its distinctive stone and bone artifacts and art, flourished; and (2) to widen the lens through which archaeologists understand human behavior in the Stone Age by integrating a robust theoretical approach (human behavioral ecology) and new analytic methods for analysis of stone artifacts (both tools and manufacturing debris) with direct landscape-level comparisons. These methods will build upon previous Magdalenian research that has provided a general understanding of human behavior in this region and time period. The co-PI hypothesizes that technological organization differed site-circumstantially based on ecotonal variation, yet was adaptively stable overall. Through this research, archaeologists will be able to explicate the relationship of stone tool technology to overall human behavior during the Magdalenian. This project will have a broader impact beyond its contribution to anthropological knowledge of Magdalenian hunter-gatherers. Through year-long study in Spain, the co-PI will foster international research collaboration among researchers living in the US and Europe who study the Cantabrian Magdalenian. The results of her work will be disseminated to the scientific and public community through peer reviewed journal publications; presentations at local, regional, and professional conferences; a project website written for the general public; and tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record), an online archive. This research project will be the key to preparing the co-PI for a career as a professional archaeologist. Additionally, the co-PI will apply the results of her research to her future teaching in the US, a goal to which she is dedicated. Data collected will be used to assist in training undergraduates in archaeological methods. Through dissemination of project results, the co-PI will endeavor to improve public understanding of anthropology, archaeology, and methodology in social science. This project will contribute to ongoing discussion of how prehistoric peoples used technology as a critical means of adaptation; this is relevant to current debates about how humans utilize their technologies in a globalized world. Through studies such as this one, archaeologists can apply understanding of past technological adaptations to current situations where humans must consider the long-term effects of technology and resource management.