Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Lithic Technological Organization during the Lower Magdalenian of Vasco-Cantabrian Spain

在Lawrence Guy Straus博士（PI）的指导下，Lisa M. Fontes （co-PI）将研究来自西班牙北大西洋的五个下马格达莱期（约17-14,500放射性碳年前）考古遗址的石器制品：Altamira， El Mirón, El Juyo， El Rascaño和Ekain。收集的数据将用于探索人类技术适应坎塔布连地区严酷、寒冷但多变的气候的问题，紧接在末次盛冰期之后。这个项目将扩大考古学对史前狩猎采集者行为的理解，特别是人们如何组织原材料的收集和运输，以及作为一个成功的适应系统的一部分，如何制造、使用和丢弃他们的工具。本研究有两个目的：(1)更多地了解人类如何在马格达莱尼时期适应不同的环境条件，这是一个以独特的石头和骨头文物和艺术为特征的区域文化繁荣的时期；(2)通过整合强大的理论方法（人类行为生态学）和新的分析方法，通过直接的景观水平比较来分析石器文物（包括工具和制造碎片），拓宽考古学家理解石器时代人类行为的视角。这些方法将建立在先前的抹大拉时期研究的基础上，这些研究提供了对该地区和时期人类行为的一般理解。co-PI假设技术组织在不同的地点环境下基于生态变异，但总体上是自适应稳定的。通过这项研究，考古学家将能够阐明石器技术与抹大拉纪人类整体行为的关系。这个项目将产生更广泛的影响，超出它对马格达莱纳狩猎采集者的人类学知识的贡献。通过在西班牙为期一年的研究，联合项目将促进生活在美国和欧洲的研究坎塔布里亚马格达莱尼系的研究人员之间的国际研究合作。她的工作成果将通过同行评审的期刊出版物向科学界和公众传播；在地方、区域和专业会议上作报告；面向公众的项目网站；以及tDAR（数字考古记录），一个在线档案。这一研究项目将是帮助联合调查官成为一名专业考古学家的关键。此外，联合项目负责人将把她的研究成果应用到她未来在美国的教学中，这是她致力于的目标。收集到的数据将用于协助对本科生进行考古方法的培训。通过项目成果的传播，合作项目将努力提高公众对人类学、考古学和社会科学方法论的理解。这个项目将有助于正在进行的关于史前人类如何将技术作为适应的关键手段的讨论；这与当前关于人类如何在全球化的世界中利用技术的争论有关。通过这样的研究，考古学家可以将对过去技术适应的理解应用于当前的情况，在这种情况下，人类必须考虑技术和资源管理的长期影响。

Under the guidance of Dr. Lawrence Guy Straus (PI), Lisa M. Fontes (co-PI) will study stone artifacts from five Lower Magdalenian (c. 17-14,500 radiocarbon years ago) archaeological sites in northern Atlantic Spain: Altamira, El Mirón, El Juyo, El Rascaño, and Ekain. Data collected will be used to explore questions of human technological adaptations to the harsh, cold, but variable climate in the Cantabrian region immediately following the Last Glacial Maximum. This project will expand archaeological understanding of prehistoric hunter-gatherer behavior, specifically how people organized the collection and transport of raw materials and the manufacture, use and discard of their tools as part of a successful adaptive system. This research has two objectives: (1) to learn more about how humans adapted their stone technologies to diverse environmental circumstances during the Magdalenian, a time when a regional culture, characterized by its distinctive stone and bone artifacts and art, flourished; and (2) to widen the lens through which archaeologists understand human behavior in the Stone Age by integrating a robust theoretical approach (human behavioral ecology) and new analytic methods for analysis of stone artifacts (both tools and manufacturing debris) with direct landscape-level comparisons. These methods will build upon previous Magdalenian research that has provided a general understanding of human behavior in this region and time period. The co-PI hypothesizes that technological organization differed site-circumstantially based on ecotonal variation, yet was adaptively stable overall. Through this research, archaeologists will be able to explicate the relationship of stone tool technology to overall human behavior during the Magdalenian. This project will have a broader impact beyond its contribution to anthropological knowledge of Magdalenian hunter-gatherers. Through year-long study in Spain, the co-PI will foster international research collaboration among researchers living in the US and Europe who study the Cantabrian Magdalenian. The results of her work will be disseminated to the scientific and public community through peer reviewed journal publications; presentations at local, regional, and professional conferences; a project website written for the general public; and tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record), an online archive. This research project will be the key to preparing the co-PI for a career as a professional archaeologist. Additionally, the co-PI will apply the results of her research to her future teaching in the US, a goal to which she is dedicated. Data collected will be used to assist in training undergraduates in archaeological methods. Through dissemination of project results, the co-PI will endeavor to improve public understanding of anthropology, archaeology, and methodology in social science. This project will contribute to ongoing discussion of how prehistoric peoples used technology as a critical means of adaptation; this is relevant to current debates about how humans utilize their technologies in a globalized world. Through studies such as this one, archaeologists can apply understanding of past technological adaptations to current situations where humans must consider the long-term effects of technology and resource management.