Intersectionality and Stereotyping

陈规定型观念可能对人们如何看待个人以及他们所拥有的机会产生深远的影响。人们通常认为人们持有的刻板印象很简单，但事实并非如此。人们用来理解他人的刻板印象往往相当复杂。因此，理解这种细微差别对于建立更强有力的关于陈规定型观念、偏见和歧视过程的经验模型以及减少陈规定型观念和歧视的实例都具有重要意义。拟议的研究调查了社会感知者使用有关年龄，性别，种族和人们生活的当地环境特征（例如，社区经济资源的可获得性和可预测性）。这种方法提出了新的方法来减少对少数群体成员的许多最有害的刻板印象的应用，从而减少对他们的歧视。这项研究是基于生命史理论，一个概念框架，从生物科学，它突出了年龄和性别的作用，在与当地生态的相互作用，在塑造人们的目标，能力和行为策略。因此，生活史理论可以有效地用来解释为什么人们如此容易地使用年龄、性别和种族来理解他人，以及为什么人们拥有许多特定的刻板印象。从这个框架中提出的假设将在一系列研究中进行测试，采用多种方法，包括全国调查和实验室实验。这项研究以创新的，变革性的方式扩展理论;采用各种方法对新颖的，理论推导的假设进行严格的实证检验;建议新颖的干预措施，以减少刻板印象适用于个人的程度;并在社会科学和生物科学之间建立重要的综合联系，加强每一个。

Stereotypes can have profound implications for how individuals are viewed and the opportunities they have. It is often presumed that the stereotypes people hold are simple, but they are not. The stereotypes people use to understand others are often quite complex. Understanding this nuance therefore has important implications both for creating stronger empirical models of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination processes and for reducing instances of stereotyping and discrimination. The proposed research investigates the nuanced manner in which social perceivers think about and behave towards others using information about age, sex, race, and features of the local circumstances in which people live (e.g., the availability and predictability of economic resources in their communities). This approach suggests novel ways of reducing the application of many of the most pernicious stereotypes to members of minority groups, and thus for reducing discrimination against them.This research is grounded in life history theory, a conceptual framework from the biological sciences, which highlights the roles that age and sex, in interaction with the local ecology, play in shaping people's goals, capacities, and behavioral strategies. Life history theory can therefore be usefully applied to help explain why people so readily use age, sex, and race to understand others, and why people possess many of the specific stereotypes they do. Hypotheses developed from this framework will be tested in a series of studies, employing multiple methods including national surveys and laboratory experiments. This research expands theory in innovative, transformative ways; provides rigorous empirical tests of novel, theoretically-derived hypotheses, employing a variety of methods; suggests novel interventions for reducing the extent to which stereotypes are applied to individuals; and makes important, integrative connections between the social and biological sciences, strengthening each.