Refresher interventions and their impact on skill retention of complex, dynamic process control tasks for longer periods of nonuse considering mental workload and situation awareness

建议的实验的首要目标是获得新的见解，提高技能保持复杂的，动态的，程序化的任务与复习干预（RI）。到目前为止，在过程控制领域只有少数关于技能衰减和技能保留的研究，尽管技能衰减已被认为与自动化的副作用高度相关。一个RI应该重新建立一个特定的技能水平，在一个特定的时间间隔的闲置后，在初始培训结束时获得。在我们以前的实验结果的基础上，我们的目的是分析的影响，实践，象征性的排练，并在考试情况（测试）检索作为RI。这些RI方法将（a）检查关于平行和偶然的序列，除了固定的序列，（B）检查其有效性，考虑心理生理措施的心理工作量和情况意识，（c）扩展与创新概念的凝视引导用户界面，其中的复习将发生在检索时。固定的、并行的和偶然的序列代表了在过程控制的不同领域以及例如航空的很大一部分中需要在人机交互中完成的任务。考虑心理负荷和情境意识的目的是深入了解如何设计RI，以应对经常引起压力的异常情况，在这种情况下，需要检索技能和知识，以节省尽可能多的资源。虽然有一些知识的有效性建议的RI，测试这些RI方法的有效性，复杂的，动态的任务是新颖的和重要的。我们以前的研究表明，关于简单的非动态任务的测试效果或符号排练的结果不能用复杂的动态任务复制，或者RI会引起意想不到的副作用，例如比增强认知图式自动化的RI更高的心理工作量（例如，实践RI）。根据建议的实验结果，建议设计方法的技能保留，如复习培训或检索增强用户界面，可以得出。研究结果是必不可少的设计培训保持技能的过程控制行业的高水平的自动化以及其他领域的技能保留是必不可少的，如医学或航空。

The overriding objective of the proposed experiments is to gain novel insights on enhancing skill retention of complex, dynamic, and procedural tasks with refresher interventions (RIs). There are only a few studies on skill decay and skill retention in the field of process control so far, although skill decay has been recognized as highly relevant with respect to side effects of automation. A RI is supposed to re-establish a specific skill level that was acquired at the end of an initial training after a certain time interval of nonuse. On the basis of our previous experimental findings, we aim to analyze the impact of practice, symbolic rehearsal, and retrieval in an examination situation (testing) as RIs. These RI approaches will be (a) examined regarding parallel and contingent sequences in addition to fixed sequences, (b) examined regarding their effectiveness considering psychophysiological measures of mental workload and situation awareness, and (c) expanded with an innovative concept of a gaze-guiding user interface in which the refresher will take place at the time of retrieval. Fixed, parallel, and contingent sequences represent tasks that need to be completed in man-machine interaction in different fields of process control as well as e.g. aviation to a large part. Consideration of mental workload and situation awareness aims at gaining insights into how RIs need to be designed for often stress inducing, abnormal situations in which skills and knowledge need be retrieved saving as many resources as possible. Although there is some knowledge about the effectiveness of the suggested RIs, testing the effectiveness of these RI approaches for complex, dynamic tasks is novel and important. Our previous research showed that results found on the test effect or symbolic rehearsal regarding simple, non-dynamic tasks can either not be replicated with complex, dynamic tasks or the RIs induce unexpected side effects such as a higher mental workload than RIs which enhance automatization of cognitive schemas (e.g., practice RI). Based on the findings of the suggested experiments, recommendations for designing approaches for skill retention such as refresher training or retrieval enhancing user interfaces can be derived. The findings are essential for designing training for maintaining skills in process control industries with high levels of automation as well as for other fields in which skill retention is essential such as medical science or aviation.