Behavior-Based Safety Management and the decrease of work-safety tension: The impact of feedback and rewards as organizational measures to increase safety-related rule compliance.

化学安全委员会或原子能机构发布的几乎每一份事故报告都指出：a)操作员培训充分；b)与安全有关的程序缺失、不充分或不适用；c)缺乏对安全和风险管理的管理关注。从我们的研究角度来看，我们调查与安全相关的规则，这些规则不是故意应用的或没有正确应用的(例如，忽略了实施步骤的正确时机)。这些违规行为的一个原因是工作-安全紧张，这代表了实现生产目标和实现安全目标之间的冲突。越来越多的出版物表明，这些冲突导致了绕道和偷工减料违规行为的增加。为了减少工作安全紧张的影响，本文提出了四个研究重点：1)结果与过程反馈的影响2)安全相关规则遵守的奖励而不是对违反规则的惩罚的影响3)安全相关目标和生产目标对降低工作安全紧张的影响4)持续的与追回相关的奖惩的影响。总体目标是通过应用基于行为的安全管理和基于行为的安全激励计划的概念来研究降低感知的工作-安全紧张的措施，并将注意力引导到安全和生产上。提出了7个假设，计划在两个实验中进行研究，并在AWASim年度中实施：1.提高执行安全相关程序的技能(熟练程度)的过程反馈导致比结果反馈更多的规则遵从性。2.对遵守规则的奖励比对违反规则的惩罚导致更多与安全相关的规则遵守。软违规的数量(基于我们之前的研究)在合规奖励条件下低于违规惩罚条件下。与单独奖励生产目标相比，将安全相关目标和生产相关目标的实现结合在一起的奖励制度减少了违规行为的数量。5.弹坑效应(见以前的研究)只在惩罚条件下出现。6.对遵守规定的持续奖励导致遵守规则的数量高于年底的追回条款。7.预付报酬(带有追回条款)导致违反规则的次数少于基于奖励的追回条款。拟议研究项目的结果可以丰富和发展理论，并得出具有实际意义的结论，以减少与安全有关的违规行为。

Almost every incident report published by the Chemical Safety Board or the IAEA points to a) adequate operator training, b) missing, inadequate or not applied safety-relate d procedures and c) missing management attention with regard to safety and risk management. From our research perspective we investigate safety related rules that are not applied intentionally or are not applied correctly (e.g. ignoring the right timing for the implementation of steps). One reason for these kinds of rule violations is the work-safety tension which represents a conflict between the achievement of production goals and the achievement of safety goals. An increasing number of publications indicate that these conflicts lead to an increase of work around and corner cutting violations. Four research foci are addressed to reduce the work safe tension:1) The impact of result versus process feedback2) The impact of rewards for safety related rule compliance instead of the punishment of rule violations3) The impact of both safety related goals and production goals to reduce the work safe tension4) The impact of continuous versus clawback related rewards/punishment.The overall objective is to investigate measures which reduce the perceived work-safety tension and directs the attention towards both safety and production by applying the concepts of Behavior-Based Safety Management and Behavior Based Safety Incentive Programs. Seven hypothesis are formulated which are planned to be investigated in two experiments which are implemented in AWASim Annual: 1. Process-feedback to improve the skill (proficiency) to execute the safety relevant procedure leads to a higher number of rule compliances than feedback of results. 2. Rewards for rule compliances leads to a higher number of safety related rule compliances than penalties for rule violations.3. The number of soft violations (based on our previous research) is lower in the reward-for-compliance condition than in the penalty-for-violations condition.4. A reward system that incorporates the achievement of safety related and production related objectives reduces the number rule violations compared to the reward of production goals alone. 5. The bomb crater effect (see previous research) appears only in the punishment conditions. 6. A continuous reward for compliance leads to a higher number of rule compliances than a clawback provision at the end of the year. 7. A prepaid reward (with a clawback provision) leads to a lower number of rule violations than the reward-based clawback provision. The results of the proposed research project allow an enrichment and development of theory as well as a conclusion of practical implications in order to reduce safety-related rule violations.