The impact of ambient awareness on the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed teams

时间协调是团队工作的一个重要方面。时间协调包括三个方面：1)联合行动的正确顺序，2)正确的时间安排，3)动态效果作为团队背景变量的适应，这可能会随着团队自身的状态而动态变化。时间协调的挑战包括时间上的错误和同步问题。这些错误是由于任务状态感知(TSA)不足造成的。在拟议的项目中，我们将特别关注空间分散的生产团队的时间协调。作为对时间协调障碍的对策，团队使用时间协调活动来定义小组成员同步其活动的节奏，例如，通过时间协调人工产物的同步和资源分配。此外，当团队成员被允许共享可视上下文时，时间协调由脚本化协调或并行工作来支持。由于空间分散的团队工作的特征是排除并行工作，因此我们调查了可能的替代方案，这些替代方案可以生成对团队任务状态的感知。在拟议的项目中，我们调查了构建在增强现实(AR)基础上的协调构件的影响。中心研究问题是：AR技术能否通过增加生产环境中空间分散的团队的任务状态感知(TSA)以及包括单个任务在内的视觉注意力指导来支持脚本协调的时间方面？通过采用2×2实验设计(因子1：2D与3D叠加，因子2：静态叠加与动态叠加)，110个二人团队(共220个被试)，每个团队分别执行一项个人任务和一项团队任务，我们提出了任务状态的AR叠加对时间团队协调的主效应。此外，我们希望研究2D与3D静态和动态叠加的影响。在H1中，我们假设AR叠加了团队任务状态的组将比对照组更及时地协调团队任务。在H2中，我们提出团队任务的过程状态具有3D叠加的组比2D叠加的组更及时地协调团队任务。最后，叠加了过程状态动态信息的组在他们的个体任务中表现得更好，因为他们在等待进入团队任务时需要更少的注意资源。研究定义了四个工作包，以220人为对象进行研究。研究结果将有助于更好地了解分散在空间上的团队的时间协调需求，并为基于AR的协调制品的开发提供与工作心理学相关和与人机交互相关的指导方针，该指导方针是基于与未来使用相关的跨学科研究相结合的《Industrie 4.0》。

Temporal coordination is an important aspect of team work. Temporal coordination has three aspects: 1) the correct sequencing of joint action, 2) the correct timing, and 3) the adaptation of dynamic effects as variables in the teams’ context, which may change dynamically in terms of their own state. Challenges of temporal coordination include errors in timing and problems of synchronization. These errors are founded in an inadequate task state awareness (TSA). In the proposed project, we will particularly focus on the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed production teams. As a countermeasure to impediments to temporal coordination, teams use temporal coordination activities to define the rhythms by which group members synchronize their activities, e.g. by synchronization and allocation of resources by means of temporal coordination artifacts. Additionally, temporal coordination is supported by scripted coordination or by side-by-side work as team members are allowed to share a visual context. As spatially dispersed team work is characterized by the exclusion of side-by-side work, we investigate possible substitutes that generate an awareness of the team’s task state. In the proposed project, we investigate the impact of a coordination artifact that builds on augmented reality (AR). The central research question is: Can AR technologies support temporal aspects of scripted coordination by increasing the task state awareness (TSA) of spatially dispersed teams in a production context, in combination with visual attention guidance including the individual task? By using a 2 x 2 experimental design (factor 1: 2D versus 3D superimposition, factor 2: static versus dynamic superimposition) with 110 two-person teams (220 subjects in total), each performing an individual task and a team task, we propose a main effect of the AR superimpositions of task states on temporal team coordination. Additionally, we wish to investigate the effects of 2D versus 3D static and dynamic superimposition. In H1, we assume that groups with AR superimposition of team task state will coordinate the team task in a more timely manner than the control group. In H2, we propose that groups with 3D superimpositions of process states of the team task will coordinate the team task in a more timely manner than the groups with 2D superimposition. Finally, the groups with superimpositions of dynamic information of process states will perform better in their individual task, as they require fewer attentional resources while waiting for their “entry” into the team task. Four work packages are defined to conduct the study with 220 persons.The results will contribute to a better understanding of the temporal coordination needs of spatially dispersed teams and provide work psychology-related and HCI-related guidelines for the development of AR-based coordination artifacts based on the combination of interdisciplinary research relevant for future use in “Industrie 4.0”.