Pseudocapacitive and Intercalation Compounds for Water Desalination: Surface Chemistry, Electrode Structure and Foulant Tolerance

建议没有。标题：用于海水淡化的假电容和插层化合物：表面化学，电极结构和污染物耐受性接收日期：2013/10/29世界上只有0.03%的水适合人类使用，对清洁水的需求是当前关注的问题，在未来只会变得更加紧迫。虽然大部分注意力都集中在将海水淡化成饮用水上，但有效地淡化微咸/咸水（约0.5至30毫分之盐）的能力将是水回收的一个重要选择。如果成功，咸淡水的脱盐应该会对经济和水资源产生积极的影响，这将影响农业、市政用水和废水处理中的大部分内陆海水脱盐工作，在这些领域，电容式脱盐工艺的高回收率特别有吸引力，而在这些领域，后处理或盐水处置使低回收率的膜基系统变得昂贵。在教育影响方面，PI和联合PI将开发一门以水和能源为重点的入门课程，将工程和社会政治观点结合起来（PI和联合PI都在工程和公共政策系担任联合任命）。此外，PI和联合PI将通过参与匹兹堡水经济网络和NAS/NAE科学与工程大使计划，将拟议的研究纳入教学和推广。电容去离子（CDI）是一种很有前途的咸淡水脱盐方法，通过多孔电极捕获带电物质，然后释放到废水流中；但该技术受到正离子/阴离子去除循环效率低和电极容易变质的限制。该方案旨在用新型复合电极结构取代现有的碳电极结构，这种结构具有伪电容性和/或快速插层特性，材料可以从弱的faradic反应中快速捕获和释放离子。从电荷积累的角度来看，这些电极将能够进行更密集的电化学反应，从而允许更薄、更有效的电极结构，在污染条件下也不容易受到性能下降的影响。pi将首先选择可行的候选材料，并在相关的伪电容去离子（PDI）环境中评估其界面电荷和离子转移机制。然后，他们将描述PDI颗粒和电极宏观/介观结构对PDI反应性能的影响，随后评估PDI表面在模型胶体臭蚁存在下的性能，因为胶体和细菌污染电极严重降低了传统CDI电极的离子吸附能力。

PROPOSAL NO.: 1403826PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mauter, MeaganINSTITUTION NAME: Carnegie-Mellon UniversityTITLE: Pseudocapacitive and Intercalation Compounds for Water Desalination: Surface Chemistry, Electrode Structure and Foulant ToleranceNSF RECEIVE DATE: 10/29/2013With only 0.03% of the world's water is suitable potable water for human use, the need for clean water is a current concern that can only become more urgent in the future. While much of the attention has been on desalination of seawater into potable water, the ability to desalinate brackish/briny water (~0.5 to 30 ppt salt) efficiently would be a significant option for water reclamation. If successful, there should be positive economic and water-resource impact of desalination of brackish water, which affects most the in-land water desalination efforts in agricultural, municipal water, and wastewater treatment, where the high recovery rates of capacitive desalination processes are particularly attractive and where post-treatment, or brine disposal, makes low-recovery membrane-based systems expensive. In terms of educational impact, the PI and co-PI will develop an introductory course that focuses on water and energy, integrating engineering and social sociopolitical perspectives (both PI and co-PI hold joint appointments in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy). In addition, the PI and co-PI will incorporate the proposed research into teaching and outreach through participating in the Pittsburgh Water Economy Network and the NAS/NAE Science and Engineering Ambassador Program.Capacitive de-ionization (CDI), whereby charged species are captured by porous electrodes and then released into a waste stream, is a promising approach for desalination of brackish water; but the technology is limited by the low efficiency of the cation/anion removal cycle and by the tendency of the electrodes to foul. This proposal seeks to replace existing carbon electrode structures with new composite electrode structures that exhibit pseudo-capacitive and/or fast intercalation properties, where the materials quickly capture and release ions from weak faradic reactions. These electrodes will be able to access electrochemical reactions that are significantly denser, from a charge accumulation perspective, thereby allowing for thinner, more efficient electrode structures that are also less susceptible to diminished performance under fouled conditions. The PIs will first select viable candidate materials and evaluate their interfacial charge and ion transfer mechanisms in a relevant pseudocapacitive deionization (PDI) environment. They will then characterize the impact of PDI particle and electrode macro/meso-structures on the performance observed for PDI reactions, followed by evaluations of the performance of PDI surfaces in the presence of model colloidal foul ants, since electrode fouling by colloids and bacteria severely diminishes the ion adsorption capacity of conventional CDI electrodes.