Police Professionalism and Changes in Police Protocols

先前的研究已经研究了警察面临公众抗议时警务协议的组织变化。 这项研究发现，警察部队迅速从支持一种依靠武力制止抗议活动的抗议警务模式（称为“武力升级”）转向一种基于通过谈判缓和冲突的新模式（称为“谈判管理”）。然而，现有的工作并没有充分：（1）解释这种新的替代发展，（2）检查是否其他替代模式的发展和竞争的追随者，（3）分析内部因素警务，如警察的专业精神，如何影响这一过程的选择和变化，以及（4）问题化的组织是如何受到法律的任务。这些都是关键的疏忽，因为主要的组织理论长期以来一直能够解释新政策的传播，但无法解释这些新政策的来源。该项目借鉴了科学和技术研究的成果，以形成一个新的视角，探讨替代创新是如何产生和竞争实施的。具体假设预计：多种竞争性选择;与警察专业精神的具体要素相一致的替代方案是更成功的竞争者;法院并不直接规定警察部队如何改变。数据来自历史警察期刊和其他文件的定量和定性内容编码。分析绘制备选方案及其特征，并跟踪定性编码确定的主题的流行程度。调查结果将促进学术界对警务如何随着时间的推移而变化以及组织如何创新和变化的理解。更广泛的影响包括通过无线电和其他媒体公开传播研究成果，对本科生和研究生进行培训，以及在理解组织变革方面取得科学成果。

Prior research has examined organizational change in policing protocols when police are confronted with public protests. This research has found that police forces rapidly moved from endorsing a model for protest policing that relied on force to stop protests (referred to as "escalated force") to a new model that was based on de-escalating conflict through negotiation (referred to as "negotiated management"). However, this existing work does not adequately: (1) explain how this new alternative developed, (2) examine whether other alternative models developed and competed for adherents; (3) analyze how factors internal to policing, such as police professionalism, affected this process of selection and change; and (4) problematize how organizations are affected by legal mandates. These are critical oversights because major organizational theories have long been able to explain the diffusion of new policies but have not been able to explain where those new policies come from. This project draws on work from science and technology studies to develop a new perspective on how alternative innovations are created and compete for implementation. Specific hypotheses anticipate: multiple competing alternatives; that alternatives that were consistent with specific elements of police professionalism were more successful competitors; and that the courts did not directly dictate how police forces changed. Data are drawn from quantitative and qualitative content coding of historical police journals and other documents. Analyses map alternatives and their characteristics and track the prevalence of themes identified by the qualitative coding. Findings will advance scholastic understanding of how policing changes over time and how organizations innovate and change. Broader impacts include public distribution of research findings through radio and other media, undergraduate and graduate student training, and scientific gains in understanding organizational change.