Collaborative Research: Integration Of Urban And Rural Population

目前实际关注的一个问题是，在发展中国家如何实现社会城乡部门的一体化。一个国家要有效地运作，就必须有有效的社会、经济和政治联系机制。本项目的中心目标是研究这样一个城乡系统是如何形成的。考古学对这种研究特别重要，因为它允许在很长一段时间内追踪过程。本研究的基本目标是更好地理解低密度城市化现象。 在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，劳伦·里斯特维特博士（宾夕法尼亚大学）、希拉里·戈普尼克博士（埃默里大学）、艾米丽·哈默博士（芝加哥大学）和他们的同事将调查一个大型的、分散的定居点（约1000平方公里）。490公顷）追溯到中期铁器时代（MIA，约。公元前800-600年），包围了奥布兰卡拉的堡垒遗址。在阿塞拜疆的纳希切万，研究当地社区和以堡垒为基础的政体之间的关系，可以为专注于高密度城市的城市化模式提供一种替代方案。考虑到目前对低密度城市化（“蔓延”）的关注，对这一现象的调查对于解决城市形态和可持续性的长期问题至关重要。该项目有可能改变目前关于低密度城市化、牧民在政治复杂性中的作用以及基于堡垒的政体的辩论。将仔细挖掘一座堡垒所收集的数据与挖掘和调查相关定居点的证据进行比较的难得机会，将使对城市化的讨论从考虑规模和密度转向评估特定的经济和社会战略如何塑造独特的政治形式。广泛的证据将有助于我们理解当地社区在与主导力量的关系中定位自己的无数方式，Olanqala以前的工作已经重塑了对MIA的学术理解，揭示了一个混合乌拉尔-当地文化组合的堡垒，导致重新评估该地区帝国权力的性质。三年的进一步研究将通过调查和挖掘这座堡垒周围的定居点来澄清铁器时代南高加索城市化的性质。 研究人员将评估四种定居动态模型，这些模型考虑了社会变量的交叉点，包括人口密度，空间分割，规划，防御工事投资，经济一体化和流动性。 行人调查和磁力测量将分析定居点的布局，密度和土地使用模式，以确定定居点如何与其腹地相互作用。横向挖掘将研究活动的模式，以评估家庭，生存追求和政治权威之间的关系。三位新兴学者将合作进行考古植物学，动物群和人类遗骸的稳定同位素分析，从挖掘中恢复，提供对农牧实践，人类和动物流动性，职业季节性和食物供应的见解。最后，对陶瓷的风格、岩相学和化学分析将有助于了解堡垒和定居点之间的生产和交换。所有数据集将被集成到一个专门为该项目开发的3D GIS记录系统中，该系统可用于一系列学科的未来研究。

A question of current practical concern is how in developing countries integration is achieved between urban and rural sectors of society. For a state to function effectively, mechanisms for efficient social, economic and political linkage must exist. The central goal of this project is to examine how such an urban-rural system emerged. Archaeology is particularly relevant for such a study because it permits processes to be traced over extended periods of time. The fundamental goal of this research is to better understand the phenomenon of low-density urbanism. With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Lauren Ristvet (University of Pennsylvania), Dr. Hilary Gopnik (Emory University), Dr. Emily Hammer (University of Chicago), and their colleagues will investigate a large, dispersed settlement (ca. 490 ha) dating to the Middle Iron Age (MIA, ca. 800-600 BC) that surrounded the fortress site of Oðlanqala. Researching the relationships between local communities and fortress-based polities in Naxçývan, Azerbaijan can provide an alternative to models of urbanism that focus on high-density cities. Given current concerns about low density urbanism ("sprawl") an investigation of this phenomenon is critical to addressing long term questions of urban form and sustainability. This project has the potential to transform current debates on low-density urbanism, the role of pastoralists in political complexity, and fortress-based polities. The rare opportunity to compare data collected from the careful excavation of a fortress with evidence from excavation and survey of an associated settlement will move the discussion of urbanism from considerations of size and density to an evaluation of how specific economic and social strategies shaped unique political forms. The broad range of evidence considered will contribute to our understanding of the myriad ways that local communities position themselves in relation to dominant powersPrevious work at Oðlanqala has recast scholarly understanding of the MIA, by revealing a fortress with a hybrid Urartian-local cultural assemblage that led to a reevaluation of the nature of imperial power in the region. Three years of further research will clarify the nature of urbanism in the Iron Age South Caucasus through survey and excavation of the settlement surrounding this fortress. Researchers will evaluate four models of settlement dynamics that consider the intersection of social variables including population density, spatial segmentation, planning, investment in fortifications, economic integration, and mobility. A pedestrian survey and magnetometry will analyze settlement layout, density, and land-use patterns to determine how the settlement interacted with its hinterland. Horizontal excavation will study the patterning of activities to evaluate the relationship between households, subsistence pursuits, and political authority. Three emerging scholars will collaborate on stable isotope analysis of the archaeobotanical, faunal, and human remains recovered from excavation, providing insights into agropastoral practices, human and animal mobility, seasonality of occupation, and food provisioning. Finally, stylistic, petrographic, and chemical analyses of ceramics will shed light on production and exchange between the fortress and the settlement. All datasets will be integrated into a 3D GIS recording system being developed specifically for this project, which can be used for future research in a range of disciplines.