Collaborative Research: Integration Of Urban And Rural Population

合作研究：城乡人口融合

• 批准号: 1430404
• 负责人: Lauren Ristvet
• 金额: $ 19.42万
• 依托单位: University of Pennsylvania
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-01 至 2019-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1430404&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Integration; Urban; Rural

A question of current practical concern is how in developing countries integration is achieved between urban and rural sectors of society. For a state to function effectively, mechanisms for efficient social, economic and political linkage must exist. The central goal of this project is to examine how such an urban-rural system emerged. Archaeology is particularly relevant for such a study because it permits processes to be traced over extended periods of time. The fundamental goal of this research is to better understand the phenomenon of low-density urbanism. With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Lauren Ristvet (University of Pennsylvania), Dr. Hilary Gopnik (Emory University), Dr. Emily Hammer (University of Chicago), and their colleagues will investigate a large, dispersed settlement (ca. 490 ha) dating to the Middle Iron Age (MIA, ca. 800-600 BC) that surrounded the fortress site of Oðlanqala. Researching the relationships between local communities and fortress-based polities in Naxçývan, Azerbaijan can provide an alternative to models of urbanism that focus on high-density cities. Given current concerns about low density urbanism ("sprawl") an investigation of this phenomenon is critical to addressing long term questions of urban form and sustainability. This project has the potential to transform current debates on low-density urbanism, the role of pastoralists in political complexity, and fortress-based polities. The rare opportunity to compare data collected from the careful excavation of a fortress with evidence from excavation and survey of an associated settlement will move the discussion of urbanism from considerations of size and density to an evaluation of how specific economic and social strategies shaped unique political forms. The broad range of evidence considered will contribute to our understanding of the myriad ways that local communities position themselves in relation to dominant powersPrevious work at Oðlanqala has recast scholarly understanding of the MIA, by revealing a fortress with a hybrid Urartian-local cultural assemblage that led to a reevaluation of the nature of imperial power in the region. Three years of further research will clarify the nature of urbanism in the Iron Age South Caucasus through survey and excavation of the settlement surrounding this fortress. Researchers will evaluate four models of settlement dynamics that consider the intersection of social variables including population density, spatial segmentation, planning, investment in fortifications, economic integration, and mobility. A pedestrian survey and magnetometry will analyze settlement layout, density, and land-use patterns to determine how the settlement interacted with its hinterland. Horizontal excavation will study the patterning of activities to evaluate the relationship between households, subsistence pursuits, and political authority. Three emerging scholars will collaborate on stable isotope analysis of the archaeobotanical, faunal, and human remains recovered from excavation, providing insights into agropastoral practices, human and animal mobility, seasonality of occupation, and food provisioning. Finally, stylistic, petrographic, and chemical analyses of ceramics will shed light on production and exchange between the fortress and the settlement. All datasets will be integrated into a 3D GIS recording system being developed specifically for this project, which can be used for future research in a range of disciplines.

目前令人关切的一个实际问题是，在发展中国家，城市和农村社会部门之间如何实现一体化。一个国家要有效运作，就必须存在有效的社会、经济和政治联系机制。这个项目的中心目标是研究这样的城乡系统是如何出现的。考古学与这种研究特别相关，因为它允许在更长的一段时间内追踪过程。本研究的根本目的是为了更好地理解低密度城市化现象。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，宾夕法尼亚大学的Lauren Ristvet博士、Emory大学的Hilary Gopnik博士、芝加哥大学的Emily Hammer博士以及他们的同事将调查一个大型的、分散的定居点(约490公顷)，该定居点可以追溯到中铁时代(MIA，约公元前800-600年)，该定居点环绕着O Ian Lanqala要塞遗址。研究阿塞拜疆纳克萨奇万的地方社区和以堡垒为基础的政治之间的关系，可以为关注高密度城市的城市化模型提供一种替代。鉴于目前对低密度城市化(“蔓延”)的担忧，对这一现象的调查对于解决城市形态和可持续性的长期问题至关重要。这个项目有可能改变目前关于低密度城市化、牧民在政治复杂性中的作用以及以堡垒为基础的政治的辩论。将仔细挖掘堡垒收集的数据与挖掘和调查相关聚落的证据进行比较的难得机会，将把对城市化的讨论从考虑规模和密度转移到评估具体的经济和社会战略如何塑造独特的政治形式。所考虑的广泛证据将有助于我们理解地方社区以各种方式将自己定位于主导力量之间的关系。在O Ika lanqala之前的工作重塑了对MIA的学术理解，揭示了一个带有乌尔雅-当地混合文化集合的堡垒，导致对该地区帝国权力性质的重新评估。三年的进一步研究将通过调查和挖掘这座堡垒周围的聚落来澄清铁器时代南高加索的城市化本质。研究人员将评估四种居住动态模型，这些模型考虑了人口密度、空间分割、规划、防御工事投资、经济一体化和流动性等社会变量的交集。行人调查和磁力测量将分析聚落的布局、密度和土地利用模式，以确定聚落如何与其腹地相互作用。横向挖掘将研究评估家庭、生存追求和政治权威之间关系的活动模式。三位新兴学者将合作对从挖掘中发现的考古植物、动物和人类遗骸进行稳定同位素分析，提供对农牧实践、人类和动物流动、职业季节性和食物供应的见解。最后，对陶瓷的风格、岩相学和化学分析将有助于了解堡垒和聚落之间的生产和交换。所有数据集将被整合到专门为该项目开发的三维地理信息系统记录系统中，该系统可用于今后在一系列学科中的研究。