Urban resilience to extreme weather related events

摘要SES-1444755城市地区由于其地理位置、人口高度集中以及日益复杂和相互依存的基础设施，容易受到与极端天气有关的事件的影响。卡特里娜飓风、超级风暴桑迪和其他灾难的影响不仅显示出已建基础设施的故障，还突显了机构、资源和信息系统在准备和应对如此规模的事件方面的不足。高度跨学科和地理分散的城市极端韧性可持续发展研究网络(Urex SRN)团队将开发一套多样化的新方法和工具，以评估基础设施如何更具弹性，提供生态系统服务，改善社会福祉，并以造福于所有城市人口的方式利用新技术。Urex SRN从9个网络城市(6个美国大陆城市和3个拉丁美洲城市，居民超过3500万人)开始，并在未来几年不断扩大，Urex SRN的愿景是共同创造必要的知识，在一个看起来与今天截然不同的未来促进弹性、宜居城市的发展。该项目将关注的极端事件包括城市洪水、沿海风暴、地区性干旱和极端热浪。这些事件已经在美国和全球城市以令人震惊的频率发生。基础设施被视为抵御灾害和灾害的重要防线，但目前的城市基础设施正在老化，事实证明，它不足以保护城市人口。Urex团队将把SRN的科学家、学生、当地从业者、规划者、产业界、非政府组织以及来自25个机构和70个合作者的其他利益相关者联系起来，共同制作数据、模型、图像、故事和实地项目，展示如何开发新的弹性基础设施。灵活、适应性强、故障安全、社会公平和基于生态的基础设施将增强城市在极端事件发生率更高、社区文化多样性和持续的城市化压力下的韧性。最终，Urex SRN将有助于加快知识的产生和应用，以鼓励城市可持续发展的创新战略。城市极端韧性可持续发展研究网络(Urex SRN)将开发一个新的理论框架，以整合社会、生态和技术系统(SET)维度，以更全面的方式概念化、分析和支持面对气候不确定性的城市基础设施决策。主要的研究问题是：SET领域如何相互作用以产生对极端天气相关事件的脆弱性或弹性，以及如何引导城市SET动态沿着更具弹性、公平和可持续的轨迹发展？该网络的基础是八个工作组(WG)，他们将共同努力回答这个问题。网络活动包括：汇编城市的可比数据集；进行高级气候和水文模拟及缩小尺度；进行比较分析；进一步发展SET概念框架；试验新的可视化和计算方法，以表示数据和SET框架；将这些产品用于参与性建模和每个城市的情景分析；发展基础设施过渡的科学和实践，以实现21世纪的复原力和可持续性目标。持续的网络和教育评价将使工作能够根据反复评估进行调整和调整。该计划将开发一套互动教育活动，跨越整个网络的机构，包括当地从业者以及大学生和年轻专业人员。工作组包括为研究生和博士后研究员、职业早期研究人员和城市专业人员开展的综合教育、交流和增强多样性的活动，旨在开发一种模式，共同产生有效和强大的决策支持工具，并教育下一代科学家和实践者来开展这项工作。Urex SRN的战略目标是：1)建立城市、机构、学生、博士后和教师研究人员的网络，以探索城市对极端天气相关事件的适应能力；2)开发新颖的理论框架，表达灵活、适应性、故障安全、社会公平和基于生态的可持续综合城市基础设施的愿景；3)与实践者和决策者以及一批研究生和博士后研究员合作，共同创造知识，促进以数据为导向的展望，并最终过渡到城市基础设施的可持续未来，进而过渡到城市社会-生态-技术可持续性的结构；以及4)在一个大型、跨学科、多机构、多国家的研究网络中创建一个模式，将评估、学习和调整纳入一个大型、跨学科、多机构、多国家的研究网络。

Abstract SES-1444755Urban areas are vulnerable to extreme weather related events given their location, high concentration of people, and increasingly complex and interdependent infrastructure. Impacts of Hurricane Katrina, Superstorm Sandy, and other disasters demonstrate not just failures in built infrastructure, they highlight the inadequacy of institutions, resources, and information systems to prepare for and respond to events of this magnitude. The highly interdisciplinary and geographically dispersed Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN) team will develop a diverse suite of new methods and tools to assess how infrastructure can be more resilient, provide ecosystem services, improve social well being, and exploit new technologies in ways that benefit all segments of urban populations. Starting with nine network cities (six continental U.S. and three Latin American, home to over 35 million residents) and expanding in future years, the vision of the UREx SRN is to co-produce the knowledge needed to promote resilient, livable cities in a future that will look very different from today. The extreme events that this project will focus on include urban flooding, coastal storms, regional droughts, and extreme heat waves. These events are already occurring with shocking frequency in U.S. and global cities. Infrastructure is viewed as an important line of defense against hazards and disasters, yet current urban infrastructure is aging and proving inadequate for protecting city populations. The UREx team will link SRN scientists, students, local practitioners, planners, industry, NGOs, and other stakeholders across 25 institutions and 70 collaborators to co-produce data, models, images, stories, and on-the-ground projects that show how a new resilient infrastructure can be developed. Infrastructure that is flexible, adaptable, safe-to-fail, socially equitable, and ecologically based will enhance urban resilience in the face of a higher incidence of extreme events, more culturally diverse communities, and continued urbanization pressures. Ultimately, the UREx SRN will help accelerate knowledge generation and application to encourage innovative strategies towards urban sustainability. The Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN) will develop a novel theoretical framework for integrating social, ecological, and technological system (SETS) dimensions for conceptualizing, analyzing, and supporting urban infrastructure decisions in the face of climatic uncertainty in a more holistic way. The primary research question is: how do SETS domains interact to generate vulnerability or resilience to extreme weather related events, and how can urban SETS dynamics be guided along more resilient, equitable, and sustainable trajectories? The foundation of the network is eight working groups (WG) who will work together to answer this question. Network activities include: assembling comparable datasets for the cities; doing advanced climate and hydrological modeling and downscaling; conducting comparative analyses; further developing the SETS conceptual framework; experimenting with new visualization and computation approaches for representing the data and the SETS framework; using these products in participatory modeling and scenario analysis for each city; and developing the science and practice for transitioning infrastructure to meet 21st century resilience and sustainability goals. Continual network and educational evaluation will allow realignment and adjustment of the work based on iterative assessments. The program will develop a suite of interactive educational activities spanning institutions across the network, and including local practitioners as well as university students and young professionals. Working Groups include integral educational, communications, and diversity-enhancing activities for graduate and post-doctoral fellows, early-career researchers, and city professionals aimed at developing a model for co-producing effective and robust decision-support tools and educating the next generation of scientists and practitioners to carry out this work. These programs are expected to be especially attractive to Hispanic students and practitioners due to the project's focus on understanding the increasing cultural and intellectual connections of the U.S. and Latin America.The strategic goals of the UREx SRN are to:1)Build a network of cities, institutions, and student, post-doctoral, and faculty researchers to explore resilience of cities to extreme weather related events;2)Develop novel theoretical frameworks that express a vision of sustainable, integrated urban infrastructure that is flexible, adaptable, safe-to-fail, socially equitable, and ecologically based;3)Work with practitioners and decision makers, as well as a cadre of graduate and post-doctoral fellows, to co-produce knowledge that facilitates data-driven visioning and ultimately transitions to a sustainable future for urban infrastructure and, by extension, the fabric of urban social-ecological-technological sustainability; and 4)Create a model for incorporating assessment, learning, and adjustment in response to evaluative feedback in a large, transdisciplinary, multi-institutional, multi-national research network.